tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-225653742024-03-06T14:07:10.127-05:00suicideDavid Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-33449944107184659322023-12-18T23:01:00.001-05:002023-12-18T23:01:23.405-05:00Does Artificial Intelligence Become More Intelligent Over Time?<p> </p><p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DOES ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BECOME
MORE INTELLIGENT OVER TIME?</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 2023, I asked ChatGPT a number of questions about suicide
in order to test how knowledgeable it was about suicide. One question I asked
concerned the motives for Jocasta’s suicide (Lester, 2023).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">David
Lester<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the play
Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, why did Jocasta die by suicide?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ChatGPT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the play "Oedipus Rex"
written by Sophocles, Jocasta, the wife of Oedipus and mother of his children,
kills herself out of shock and despair upon realizing that Oedipus is her son
and that she had unknowingly married and had children with her own son. The
revelation is so devastating to her that she chooses to end her life rather
than continue living with the knowledge and shame of her actions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I
noted that it is clear from the play that Jocasta knew that she had married her
son. Jocasta was prepared to live a life married to her son as long as this
information was kept secret. Once the fact was likely to be known, she died by
suicide, primarily out of shame.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Has
ChatGPT improved over the next six months? I asked it once more why Jocasta
died by suicide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">David
Lester<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why did
Jocasta die by suicide?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ChatGPT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Greek mythology, Jocasta is a character best known for
her role in the tragic story of Oedipus. The details of Jocasta's death vary in
different versions of the myth, and it's important to note that the story
itself is a work of fiction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The most well-known version of the story is found in
Sophocles' play "Oedipus Rex." In this version, Oedipus discovers
that he has unwittingly fulfilled a prophecy that foretold he would kill his
father and marry his mother. When Oedipus realizes the truth, he blinds himself,
and Jocasta, horrified by the revelation and the tragic fate of her family,
hangs herself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The reasons for Jocasta's suicide are complex and involve a
combination of shame, guilt, and horror at the fulfillment of the prophecy. The
Oedipus myth explores themes of fate, free will, and the consequences of trying
to avoid destiny, making it a powerful and enduring tragedy in Greek
literature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="border: solid #D9D9E3 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #D9D9E3 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is
impressive. Perhaps it read my article in <i>Suicide Studies</i>? ChatGPT now
brings shame and guilt into the motivating forces for Jocasta’s suicide. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Lester, D. (2023). What does
artificial intelligence know about suicide? <i>Suicide Studies, 4</i>(3),
25-28.<o:p></o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-14473548196990182642023-03-02T10:41:00.002-05:002023-03-02T10:41:50.852-05:00What have we learned about suicide? A harsh critique of theory and research<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">WHAT
HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT SUICIDE? A HARSH CRITIQUE OF THEORY AND RESEARCH<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">David
Lester<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Stockton
University<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The purpose of this essay is to review
the field of what is known as <i>suicidology</i> in order to explore what we
have learned about why people die by suicide. This review is going to be harsh,
not in terms of criticizing what researchers and theorists have written, but
rather by omitting citations to those who have become well-known in the field,
past and present. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I reviewed the research and theory on
suicidal behavior from 1897 to 1997 in four books which I titled <i>Why People
Kill Themselves</i>. Those books did not, however, critique the papers cited. The
aim was to provide for those in the field a convenient reference to what had
been published in those years. I did choose the outstanding contributors in the
3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> editions of the book, but many of those
chosen there are not cited here. They did publish a large number of articles on
one issue in the field, thereby stimulating others, but their contributions do
not necessarily assist our understanding of suicidal behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This review will also focus on why
people die by suicide and not people who attempt suicide but survive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Societal Suicide Rate<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The major questions about the societal
suicide rate is what determines the variation over time within a region (time-series
theories) and what determines the suicide rate from region to region (ecological
theories). In fact, the explanations are typically given for both of these
variations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There have scorers of correlational
studies on both of these variations, but the results are typically uninteresting
theoretically. For example, suicide rates (over time and region) are positively
associated with divorce rates and unemployment rates. This is hardly surprising.
Have there been any correlates of societal suicide rates that surprise us? No.
What is of use for understanding suicide?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #1: Henry
and Short<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One of the theories that has been
neglected is that provided by Henry and Short (1954). Henry and Short proposed
that, when people in a society are miserable or unhappy, if they have an external
cause to blame for their misery, then they will be angry, and homicide rates
will increase. If, however, there is no external cause to blame for their
misery, then they will blame themselves, become depressed and more likely to
kill themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This theory explains, for example, why
the oppressed in a society have higher homicide rates while the oppressors have
higher suicide rates. In line with this, African Americans in the United States
have higher homicide rates while whites have higher suicide rates. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Interestingly, Henry and Short also
extended their theory and applied it at the individual level and, in addition,
proposed child-rearing techniques of punishment that would lead to individual
differences in suicidal-homicidal tendencies. They proposed that love-oriented
punishment techniques would lead children to suppress their anger and become
depressed and suicidal in the long term, while physical punishment would allow
anger to be experienced.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #2:
Uematsue and the Cohort Effect<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Uematsue (1961) in an obscure journal
proposed that the number of potential suicides in a cohort is fixed. If that
cohort has a high suicide rate at an early age, it will have a low suicide rate
later in life, and vice versa. Lester (1984) tested this hypothesis and partially
confirmed it. With data available for cohorts only for a maximum of 35 years
(rather than lifetime), Lester confirmed Uematsue’s hypotheses for female
suicide rates in the United States but not male suicide rates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This raises the possibility that
suicide is, at least in part, genetically determined. Such a hypothesis could,
of course, be tested using methodologically sound twin studies, that is,
comparing identical with non-identical twin pairs. However, the childhood and
subsequent experiences of identical and non-identical twins are not similar. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #3: The
Natural Suicide Rate<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Maris (1981) speculated
that the suicide rate could never be zero no matter how ideal the
social-economic conditions were. Coming from a economic perspective, Yang and
Lester (2004) speculated that, just as the unemployment rate can never be zero,
perhaps the suicide rate of a society can never be zero. They tested this by
devising regression equations for several countries using divorce and unemployment
rates to predict the suicide rate over regions of each country. Setting the
divorce and unemployment rates to zero still predicted positive and non-zero
suicide rates for each country. For a review of recent research on this issue
see Yang and Lester (2021). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #4: Taylor
and Moksony and a Broad Social Variable<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both Taylor (1990) and Moksony (1990)
argued that social indicators such as divorce rates do not directly affect the
suicide rate. Rather, such social indicators are measures of broader social qualities
which affect the suicide rate. Evidence for this comes from a study by Lester
(1995) who found that the <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">divorce</span></strong><b>
</b>rate of the states of the United States was associated with the suicide
rate of divorced people and also the suicide rates of single, married, and widowed
people, indicating that the divorce rate was an <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">indicator</span></strong><b> </b>of <strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">general</span></strong> social malaise.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lester (1994) correlated many variables
over the states and found that one set of variables were highly
inter-correlated and the factor score (using a factor analysis) was associated
with the suicide rate of the states. The set included the crime rate, the
divorce rate, inter-state migration, the percent divorced, And alcohol
consumptions positively loaded on the factor and the percent born in state and church
attendance loaded negatively on the factor. Again, this suggests the presence
of a broader social variable such as social malaise or social disintegration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #5: The
Suicide Rate as a Random Walk<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">random walk</span> was a concept proposed by
Pearson (1905) and refers to a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical" title="Mathematical"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">mathematical</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> description of a path that consists of a succession of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random" title="Random"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">random</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> steps. It describes such diverse phenomena as the path traced by a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">molecule</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> as it travels in a liquid or a gas and the price of a fluctuating </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk_hypothesis" title="Random walk hypothesis"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">stock</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> or stock index (Malkiel, 1973). If a stochastic process follows a random
walk, then any disturbance to the process will </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">persist over time</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. If the time series suicide rate was a random walk, then the changes from
day to day would be random and yet subject to shocks, that is, societal crises.
The randomness might explain, in part, why suicide prevention efforts have
failed in the last ten years. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Yang (1994)
explored whether the suicide rate in the USA from 1933 to 1987 followed a
random walk. (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
USA started producing mortality statistics for the whole USA only in 1933.) </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Using econometric techniques of analysis, she found that the time-series
suicide rate fits a random walk process overall, for six age groups and for
four sex-by-race groups. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #6: Suggestion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">One societal
happening that might affect deviations from a random walk is the media coverage
of a celebrity suicide. Phillips (1974) and Stack (1987) have documented that celebrity
suicides result in an increase in suicides in the society after media coverage
of the suicide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #7: Access
to Methods for Suicide<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is more to the suicidal act than
the outcome. There is also the staging of the act (Lester & Stack, 2015)
which involves choosing the method for suicide, the location, whether to write
a suicide note, etc. Access to methods for suicide plays a large role. For example,
in the UK, when home gas for heating and cooking was coal gas, coal gas was a
popular method for suicide. When the UK switched to natural gas, which is less
toxic and so more difficult to use for death, the suicide rate declined. In
less industrialized and more rural countries, pesticides are used extensively,
as is their use for suicide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There have been other interesting
theories of the suicide rate in societies or in subgroups of the society which
have received only partial support (that is, support in some studies and a
failure to support the theory in other studies). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, the <i>social deviancy
theory</i> of suicide argues that suicide rates will be higher in groups in a
society which are deviant in age, sexual orientation, ethnicity, etc. For
example, Lester (1987) found that the fewer non-whites in a state, the higher
their suicide rate. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Subcultural theories</i> focus on
characteristics of the society or part of the society. For example, states with
a southern subculture have higher rates of gun ownership and higher rates of
suicide using firearms (Lester, 1986-1987). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Individual Suicide<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #8:
Psychiatric Disturbance<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is obvious that an understanding of
suicide necessitates taking into account psychiatric disturbance. There are,
however, grave problems with psychiatry as a science and, therefore, with
psychiatric diagnosis. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">To introduce you
to my major objection, let us assume you have a headache and a fever. You go to
your family physician, and he tells you that you have a disease called headache-fever,
or HF for short. What would you do? You’d run as fast as you could out of his
or her office and look for a good doctor. Medical illnesses are based on
causes. What is causing your fever? What is causing your headache? Is it caused
by a virus or bacteria? If so, which ones? Lyme’s disease or swine flu? Is it
because of a brain tumor and, if so, is it malignant or benign?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Psychiatric
disorders or mental illnesses are not defined by causes. They are defined by
clusters of symptoms. Let us say you are depressed. Maybe it is because you do
not have enough serotonin in certain regions of the brain. Maybe you have suppressed
and repressed anger felt toward significant others in your life so that you are
no longer conscious of the anger (a Freudian, psychoanalytic view). Maybe it is
because you have learned from your life’s experiences that you cannot get out of
the traps in which you find yourself (learned helplessness). Maybe it is
because that are not enough rewards (positive reinforcers) in your life, either
because you are in unrewarding relationships and employment or because you lack
the skills to obtain rewards from others (a learning theory perspective). Maybe
it is simply the melancholia that is part of all of our lives (Wilson, 2008)? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Don’t be fooled by
new revisions of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual</i> (DSM). he criteria for this disease, disorders, or
illness (call it what you will) still do not involve <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">causes</i>! Part of the motivation for revising the DSM is that psychiatrists
cannot agree on which “illness” patients have. Using an older version of the
DSM, Beck, et al. (1962) found that four psychiatrists, individually interviewing
the same psychiatric patients, agreed only 54% of the time for the specific
diagnosis and only 70% for the major category (schizophrenia, affective
disorder, anxiety disorder, personality disorder, etcetera). In another study
of the older version of the DSM, Sandifer, et al. (1968) had psychiatrists in
three cities view tape-recorded interviews of psychiatric patients. In North
Carolina, the patients were more often labeled as having neurotic disorders, In
Glasgow, Scotland, the same patients were more often labeled as having
personality disorders, and in London (England) the patients were more often
labeled as having bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive disorder)!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">There have been
three modern critiques of the current psychiatric system. Robert Whitaker’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Anatomy of an epidemic: Magic bullets,
psychiatric drugs, and the astonishing rise of mental illness in America</i>,
Irving Kirsch’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Emperor’s new drugs:
Exploding the antidepressant myth</i>, and Daniel Carlat’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Unhinged: The trouble with psychiatry. </i>These books were favorably
reviewed by Marcia Angell, a former editor of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New England Journal of Medicine, </i>a prestigious scholarly medical
journal, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New York Review of Books</i>
(June 23 and July 14, 2012). Loren Mosher, a prominent psychiatrist, resigned
from the American Psychiatric Association back in 1998, accusing the
association of selling out to the pharmaceutical industry that markets
psychiatric medications.<a href="file:///C:/Users/18562/Desktop/Critique%20article/critique%20of%20suicide%20research.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Even allowing for these problems with
the psychiatric diagnostic system, I have never come across a methodologically
sound study of psychiatric diagnosis of suicides. A sound study must have a
control or comparison group, AND the diagnosis <i>must</i> be carried blind as
to the presence of suicide or not. In all published studies, the diagnoses have
been made by psychiatrists knowing that the person was a suicide. This knowledge
accounts for some psychiatrists deciding that ALL suicides are psychiatrically
disturbed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #9:
Typologies of Suicides<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There have been many typologies of
suicides proposed, but no one typology seems to be ideal. Van Hoesel (1983) chose
typologies proposed by ten scholars and had judges classify 404 suicides from
the files of the medical examiners in Baltimore and Maryland into the
categories listed in the ten typologies. There were 69 subtypes in these ten
typologies. Correlations between the 69 subtypes revealed five clusters of
subtypes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h2 align="left" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Escape (90
suicides)<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 align="left" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Confusion (52
suicides)<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 align="left" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aggression (77
suicides)<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 align="left" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Alienation
(23 suicides<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 align="left" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Depression/Low
Self-Esteem (112 suicides)<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is almost certain that no single
theory of suicide can explain <i>all </i>suicides, and so a meaningful typology
of suicides must be devised. Van Hoesel’s appears to be the best currently
available. Next, it may be possible to find the causes for suicide that are specific
for each type.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #10: The
Moods of Suicides<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In his book <i>Turning
Points</i> De Leo (2010) presented moving accounts from nine people who
attempted to kill themselves, but who survived. Eight of the nine were happy to
have survived. These accounts illustrate several features well-known to
suicidologists, such as escape from mental and physical pain (Sergio and Maria),
anger (Sandro), hopelessness and a feeling of being a burden (Anna), and
suicide soon after discharge from a psychiatric hospital (Fabrizio). It is
noteworthy that anxiety is noted by some. Alessa, Lucia and Maria all talk of suffocating
and not being able to breathe anymore, and two of them (Lucia and Maria)
indicate that the anxiety was long-standing and not simply a result of the
decision to kill themselves. In fact, Maria tried to die to get away from the
anxiety.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most commonly, depression and, in
particular, the cognitive component of depression now labelled as hopelessness
are proposed as present in suicides (Beck, et al. 1974). To this we might now
add anxiety. Menninger (1938) classified the motives for suicide as to kill, to
be killed and to die. The emotions accompanying these motives are anger, guilt
and depression. Lester (1997) suggested that shame (as distinct from guilt)
also plays a role in some suicides.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This suggests that a typology based on
the emotions experienced by suicides could be of value. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #11: A Two-Self
Theory of Suicide<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lester (2022) proposed a two-self theory
of suicide which he formally presented as a series of postulates and corollaries.
<span style="color: black;">Lester defined a subself is defined as a coherent
system of thoughts, desires and emotions, organized by a system principle. For
this theory of suicide, it is assumed that there are two subselves, a suicidal
subself and a non-suicidal subself.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 1:</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">Not every individual has both a suicidal subself and a
nonsuicidal subself. </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar2"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 2:</span></i></a><a name="Par26"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar2;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">At any point in time, one subself is in control of the
mind. It may be said to have executive power.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar2;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par26;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar3"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Corollary 2a:</span></i></a><a name="Par28"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar3;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">When one subself has executive power, the other subself is
said to be suspended.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar3;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par28;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Corollary 2b:</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">A subself may appear in many situations, or only on rare
special occasions. One subself may be domineering while the others is
submissive. </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar6"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Corollary 2c:</span></i></a><a name="Par34"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar6;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">A subself may have executive power for anywhere from
seconds to hours or even longer periods of time.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar6;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par34;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar7"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Corollary 2d:</span></i></a><a name="Par36"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar7;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">Selfhood is whichever subself has executive power at the
time.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar7;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par36;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar9"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Corollary 2e:</span></i></a><a name="Par40"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar9;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">The existence of two subselves accounts for the inconsistency
in the behavior of individuals.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar9;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par40;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a name="FPar18"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 3:</span></i></a><a name="Par60"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar18;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Individuals
can seek to create new subselves for the future.</span></i></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: Par60;"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar18;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar18;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par60;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar22"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 4:</span></i></a><a name="Par69"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar22;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> The
individual can try to integrate the subselves.</span></i></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: Par69;"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar22;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar22;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par69;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar30"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 5:</span></i></a><a name="Par79"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar30;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">The suicidal subself may be a regressive subself developed
early in life, formed by the introjection of the desires and thoughts of
powerful others (in particular, parental figures) and imitation of their
personality and behavioral styles.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar30;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par79;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar44"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 6:</span></i></a><a name="Par110"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar44;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">The suicidal subself may be formed as a result of early
experiences.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: FPar44;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Par110;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="Par80"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 7:</span></i></a><a name="Par108"></a><a name="FPar43"></a><a name="Sec22"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: Sec22;"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar43;"><span style="mso-bookmark: Par108;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">The possibility of
attributing negatively valued aspects (thoughts, desires, emotions, or
behaviors) of oneself to the suicidal subself may enable the individual to
maintain high self-esteem since the negative aspects of the suicidal subself do
not color the nonsuicidal subself.</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: Par108;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar43;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: Sec22;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><a name="FPar52"></a><a name="Sec24"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar52;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 8:</span></i></span></a><a name="Par125"><span style="mso-bookmark: FPar52;"><span style="mso-bookmark: Sec24;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span style="color: black;">The two subselves may
become enmeshed, and the psychotherapist must help the client create
sufficiently impermeable boundaries so that the nonsuicidal subself can
withstand pressure from the suicidal subself to take over executive power and
resist intrusions from the suicidal subself into the nonsuicidal subself when
the nonsuicidal subself has executive power.</span></span></i></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Postulate 9: It is possible to create new subselves such as mediators
and recording secretaries.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many theories of individual suicide
are not theories that are applicable to all suicides, but merely provide one
type of suicide and, therefore, should be included in typologies of suicide. For
example, Joiner (2005) proposed that suicides have perceived burdensomeness,
thwarted belonging, and the acquired capacity to inflict self-harm. However, Lester
and Gunn (2022) found that this theory applied to only 3% of a sample of suicides
that they studied. Perceived burdensomeness alone was found in only 15% of the
sample. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Another example comes from
Transactional Analysis which proposes that suicidal individuals were exposed to
desires of their parents that they not exist (Stewart & Joines, 1987).
Perhaps the infant is handled with disgust or perhaps the mother wishes that
the baby had never been born, a wish that may be expressed directly or
consciously transmitted to the baby.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A learning (or social learning) theory
of suicide proposes that the individual learned suicide from others. A famous example
is that both Ernest Hemingway and his brother Leicester Hemingway died by
suicide, following in the footsteps of their father’s choice to die by suicide.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Methodology<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #12: The
Method of Substitute Subjects and Suicidal Intent<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The <i>method of substitute subjects</i>
is the study of attempted suicides in order to learn about suicides. Suicides
are deceased and cannot interviewed (of course), while attempted suicides can
be interviewed and given psychological inventories. Also, of course, attempted
suicides are of interest in their own right. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">But, as Lester,
et al. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(1975)
noted, to learn about suicides from a study of attempted suicides, the
attempters <i>must </i>be classified in terms of suicidal intent (or the
lethality of their attempt). For example, a sample of attempted suicides can be
divided into three groups, minimal suicidal intent, moderate suicidal intent and
high suicidal intent. Then, if some variable increases (or decreases) in a
linear fashion over these three groups, then extrapolation can be made to those
who died by suicide. (Correlational studies using a suicidal intent score can
also be used.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insight #13: Comparison
Subjects<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This Insight is different because no
research study has ever appeared on this idea. Palmer (1960) conducted a study
of murderers by comparing them with their same sex siblings. Palmer also interviewed
the parents of the men – murderer and brother. The use of same sex siblings,
controlling for birth order of course, is that the subjects are matched on many
variables, such as family dynamics (especially between the parents) and social
and economic factors. Palmer was interested primarily in the physical and
psychological frustrations that the men had experienced in the childhoods and
adolescence, and he found that the murderers had experienced significantly more
frustrations and had developed much less effective coping mechanisms. A study
of suicides and their same-sex siblings would be extremely valuable!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As mentioned in the beginning of this review
of what we know about suicide, the harshness is not in the comments about those
cited, but in the omission of scholars whom others may think have contributed
greatly to suicidology. What is apparent, however, is how little we know about
why people die by suicide. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, given an adequate
typology of suicides, have we a theory of causation of any type? One might
argue that we can list some risk factors. But risk factors and not necessarily
causes. For example, a risk factor for coming down with influenza is mingling
socially with others during a flue epidemic without taking precautions such as
wearing a mask or having a flu shot. But those are not the causes of influenza –
a virus is the cause. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Angell, M. (2012a). The epidemic of
mental illness: Why? www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/23/epidemic-mental-illness-why/?pagination=false<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Angell, M. (2012b). The illusions
of psychiatry. www.nybooks.com/articles/<br />
archives/2011/jul/14/illusions-of-psychiatry/?pagination=false<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Beck, A. T., Ward, C H., Mendelson,
M., Mock, J. E., & Erbaugh, J. K. (1962). Reliability of psychiatric
diagnoses. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Journal of Psychiatry,
119, </i>351-357.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester,
D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness
scale. <i>Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 42,</i> 861-865.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Carlat, D. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Unhinged</i>. New York: Free Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">De
Leo, D. (2010). <i>Turning points</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bowen Hills, Australia<span style="background: white; color: #222222;">: Australian Academic Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Henry, A. F., & Short, J., F,
(1954). Suicide and homicide. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Joiner, T. E. (2005). <i>Why people
die by suicide</i>. Harvard University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="Footnote"><a href="file:///C:/Users/18562/Desktop/Critique%20article/critique%20of%20suicide%20research.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
www.oikos.org/mosher.htm<o:p></o:p></p>
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</div>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-60093410574091918412022-12-05T14:35:00.001-05:002022-12-05T14:35:11.225-05:00A review of citations to "Recalculating the economic cost of suicide" by Yang and Lester<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">THE
ECONOMIC COSTS OF SUICIDE: A REVIEW OF CITATIONS TO “RECALCULATING THE ECONOMIC
COST OF SUICIDE”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">David
Lester & Bijou Yang<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Abstract: </b>An analysis of 91
citations for an article by Yang and Lester (2007), which argued that suicides
result in savings to the society, showed that only 9 reported Yang and Lester’s
thesis correctly, and only one article conducted a serious discussion of the issues
raised by Yang and Lester.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Viscusi (1984) argued that the financial
savings from the premature deaths of those who smoke cigarettes (as a results
of reduced nursing home care costs and pension and social security payouts) were
greater than the costs of medical care and life insurance. Viscusi calculated
that each pack of cigarettes sold saves the society $0.72.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yang and Lester (2007) applied Viscusi’s
arguments to those who die by suicide. Suicides results in savings from healthcare
and nursing home costs later in life, as well as pension and social security
payouts. When estimating the loss from future earnings by suicides, researchers
typically forget that suicides may not be the most productive members of society.
Many psychiatric researchers (e.g., Robins, 1981) argue that almost all
suicides merit a psychiatric diagnosis, often a severe and disabling
psychiatric disorder, and so their future earnings may be far lower than those
of average citizens. Their psychiatric disorder may also incur large economic
costs for psychiatric treatment had they lived. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Yang and Lester
estimated the cost of suicides in 2005 in the USA to be $16.83 billion, the
savings from not having to treat the psychiatric disorders of the suicides had
they continued to live to be $8. 11 billion, the savings from pensions and
nursing home care to be $12.99 billion, and the savings from assisted suicide
to be $0.80 billion, giving a net savings from the suicides to be $5.07 billion
in 2005 dollars. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As of the time of writing this article,
Yang and Lester (2007) had 91 citations noted in Google Scholar. That seems to
be impressive. The present review examined these 91 citations to see how they
cited Yang and Lester. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Reviewing
the Citations<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Google Scholar examines
a variety of writings for citations, including, of course, articles in
scholarly journals and books, but also dissertations, blogs and unpublished papers
uploaded to websites such as ResearchGate. This is an impressive achievement,
but Google Scholar citations are, therefore, not restricted to scholarly publications.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Thirteen of the
citations were not in English and so not examined for this review. Five authors
simply included a reference to Yang and Lester is a list of references without
mentioning the article in the text, and two “citations” did not contain any
reference to Yang and Lester.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On six occasions, the same article was
included twice, for example, as a pre-print on a university website and as the
published article.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seven articles misquoted Yang and
Lester. For example, Savage (2018) said that Yang and Lester discussed the
rationality of suicide. This was not the focus of Yang and Lester. Other misquotes
were made by Fredette (2014), Li and Zhang, (2010), Ring, et al. (2015), Rivera,
et al. (2017), Saleh (2016), while others simply included a non-specific citation
to Yang and Lester in a series of cites, such as 1-21 (Poduri, 2016). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Yang and Lester
reviewed briefly research on the estimated costs to the society of attempted
suicide, although Yang and Lester did not present new calculations, and 20 articles
quoted Yang and Lester for the estimated costs of attempted suicide (Barrigan,
et al., 2022; Bolton, et al., <a name="_GoBack"></a>2015; Brann, et al., 2021; Francisco,
et al., 2020; Ghahramanlou-Holloway, et al., 2012; Gysin-Maillart, et al.,
2016;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keefner & Stenvig, 2021; Kim,
et al., 2022; Kochanski, 2012; Lee, 2016; Lynch, 2014; Mickle, 2011; Milner
& De Leo, 2010; Murrell, et al., 2014; Myrick, et al., 2017; Polits, 2016; Rothes,
2014; Sheftall, et al., 2013; Shepard, et al., 2016; Woodland, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Twenty authors
cited Yang and Lester for saying completed suicide incurs costs for the
society, which is the opposite of what Yang and Lester argued (Bermeo, 2019; Bolton,
et al., 2015<a href="file:///D:/Economic%20cost%20of%20suicide/essay%2012%205.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>:
Brann, et al., 2021; Dunn, 2013; Johnston, 2013; Kim, et al., 2022; Kirigia, et
al., 2020; Layden, 2017; Lynch, 2014; Moutier, 2014; Murphy, et al., 2021; O’Brien,
2010; Onoya, et al., 2021; Rothes, 2014; Sand, 2012; Sels, et al., 2021; Sheehan,
et al., 2019; Singer, et al., 2022; Tondo, et al., 2008; Vannoy<a href="file:///D:/Economic%20cost%20of%20suicide/essay%2012%205.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
et al., 2010). These 20 authors do not appear to have understood Yang and
Lester’s thesis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kinchin and Doran
(2017, 2018) looked at the cost of suicide in Australia. As well as calculating
the cost of the legal and medical procedures following a suicide (direct
costs), they also estimated the loss of economic productivity resulting from
the lost years of life, but they admit that they ignored the savings discussed
by Yang and Lester. A similar tactic of ignoring the essence of Yang and
Lester’s analysis was made by Shepard, et al. (2016)<a href="file:///D:/Economic%20cost%20of%20suicide/essay%2012%205.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
and Alfonso-Sánchez, et al. (2020). Others simply ignored Yang and Lester
without mentioning that they were ignoring their argument (Lyszczarz, 2021). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Seven authors
cited Yang and Lester correctly, admitting that suicides can result in an
economic benefit for the society (Gunn, 2019; Ohayi, 2019; Snow, et al., 2016; Sueki,
2016; Torp, 2014; Ying & Chang, 2009; Zak, 2015). Luckily, two self-citations
also correctly reported the results of Yang and Lester. Two more researchers
cited the thesis of Yang and Lester correctly and did additional calculations
(see the next section).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Research on the Economic
Cost of Suicide<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sarma (2018) estimated
the economic cost of suicides in India is 2015 and did consider both economic losses
and gains resulting from those suicides, but he calculated that the losses far
exceeded the gains.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The most complete
discussion of Yang and Lester’s article was made by Stack (2007). Stack drew
attention to three issues. First, although it is true that suicides, by dying
at a younger age than those dying from other causes, save on the direct costs
of healthcare (medical and psychiatric), the longer people survive, the more
healthcare jobs created. In this regard, suicides incur a cost to the society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Second, the costs
incurred by those grieving for those who died by suicide may differ from the
costs incurred by those grieving for those dying of other causes. Stack noted that
suicides are typically sudden deaths, a factor which may affect grieving. On
the other hand, suicides typically have smaller social networks than those
dying from other causes, and so there are fewer people grieving.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Third, Stack
argued that Yang and Lester overestimated the costs of healthcare for suicides.
In his discussion, Stack focused on what percentage of suicides sought mental
health treatment in the last year of their life. However, Stack also noted that
the average age at death was 45 for suicides, and so they avoid roughly 30
years of life. It is during these 30 years that healthcare costs may be large. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">\<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The present analysis of citations to
our article indicates that citations may not be a valid measure of the significance
of an article. Only nine researchers cited Yang and Lester’s article correctly,
and only one (Stack, 2007) conducted a serious discussion of the issues raised
by Yang and Lester. In the years since 2007, the thesis of Yang and Lester’s article
has died a natural death.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Myrick,
A. C., Webermann, A. R., Langeland, W., Putnam, F. W., & Brand, B. L. (2017).
Treatment of dissociative disorders and reported changes in inpatient and
outpatient cost estimates. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">European
Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8</i>(1), #1375829.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">O’Brien,
R. M. (2010). Offender trajectories, crime trends, and costs. <i>Criminology
& Public Policy, 9,</i> 313-319.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ohayi,
S. R. (2019). “Doctor, please don’t say he died of suicide.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 9,</i>
#48.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Onoya,
E. D., Makwakwa, N. L., & Motioba, D. P. (2012). Temporal variation in
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Poduri,
G. S. Short-term cost of suicides in India. <i>Indian Journal of Psychological
Medicine, 38,</i> 524-528.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Polits,
M. (2016). Factors that affect recidivism for psychiatric patients in the emergency
department. PsyD thesis, George Fox University. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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I. M. S. A. 2014). Suicidal behaviours: explanations, current practices and
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sarma,
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L., Lepri, B., & Baldressarini, R. J. (2008). Suicidal status during
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J. M. (2014). Native American youth and suicide. PhD dissertation, Widener
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et al. (2010). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Surrogate
endpoints in suicide research. <i>Suicide &Life-Threatening Behavior, 40, </i>500-505.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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the economic cost of suicide. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Death
Studies, 31,</i> 351–361.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ying, Y. H., & Chang, K.
(2009). A study of suicide and socioeconomic factors. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 39</i>, 214-226.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Zak, D. (2015). </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WBCQDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA25&ots=uD6ZbSal_p&sig=1eV2cIJQ3-wa7BFN3nOpzfuctdU"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mental Health—An Issue Neglected by European Public Health Systems?</span></a>
In D. Claborn (Ed.) <i>Topics in public health</i>. IntechOpen.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Economic%20cost%20of%20suicide/essay%2012%205.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Already
cited above.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Economic%20cost%20of%20suicide/essay%2012%205.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Vannoy, et al. (2010) and Kim (209)
had the authors’ names incorrect.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="file:///D:/Economic%20cost%20of%20suicide/essay%2012%205.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Already
listed above.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-78343982490077425872022-01-27T09:44:00.000-05:002022-01-27T09:44:01.883-05:00Predatory journals: Do they really exist?<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Predatory Journals: Do They Really Exist?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">David Lester<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We read a lot about <i>predatory</i>
journals. This seems to mean that they charge large amounts of money for your
article to appear in them. It does not mean that the articles are not reviewed,
but it does mean that the articles may not be listed in the abstracts of the
disciplines that provide listings and abstracts of published articles (such as
PsycInfo).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But are the other, high prestige, journals
non-predatory? I just submitted a brief article to a high prestige publisher
which publishes hundreds of journals. The journal was open-access, and the
charge would have been $900. I continued with the submission because, in this
instance, the charge was waived.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>High prestige journals charge for open
access articles. Predatory journals charge for open access articles. There
really is no difference. If you want open access for your article, you will
have to pay, period. On occasions, I receive requests for submissions from the
predatory journals saying that the charges are waived and, as a result, I have
published in those journals. In the present instance, the high prestige journal
waived the publication charge and, so again, there really is no difference in
their behavior. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The difference is that you can get an
article published without charge in the high prestige journals if you reject
open access. Of course, you may have to wait two years or more for it to
appear!!!<o:p></o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-88750326054080800552021-12-07T10:37:00.002-05:002021-12-07T10:37:28.488-05:00How to Contact Me<p> If you want to contact me, my e-mail is</p><p>lesterd@stockton.edu</p><p>or</p><p>david.lester@stockton.edu</p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-66830345338106733632021-12-07T10:33:00.002-05:002021-12-07T10:33:16.385-05:00Suicide Studies<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suicide Studies</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I recently started “publishing” some
of my essays and research in a self-published journal which I have called <i>Suicide
Studies</i>. I published two issues in 2020, four in 2021, and already one for
2022. Some of the articles are not good enough for scholarly journals
(especially since <i>Psychological Reports</i> changed hands and stopped
accepting one-page notes). But another reason was that, at my advanced age, I
no longer have the patience to deal with fussy editors and reviewers. I much
prefer to let my co-authors deal with them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The issues of <i>Suicide Studies</i> are
loaded on to my website (<a href="http://www.drdavidlester.net/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.drdavidlester.ne</span>t</a>)
and also on ResearchGate.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, this is not the first time I
have had my own scholarly journal When I was working for the Suicide Prevention
and Crisis Intervention Center in Buffalo [NY] during 1969-1971, I started my
own journal called <i>Crisis Intervention</i>. My boss, Gene Brockopp, and I
sent the issues free to every suicide prevention center in the USA at the time
and to leading suicidologists. I published 4 issues each year, and also
supplements. One of the supplements became the first edition of <i>Why People
Kill Themselves</i>, published by Charles Thomas. The book had four editions. In
addition, many of the essays in the journal were included in the manual for
crisis interveners, also published by Charles Thomas as <i>Crisis Intervention
and Counseling By telephone</i> {3 editions].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>All of the issues of <i>Crisis
Intervention</i> (plus supplements) are also loaded on to my website.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-34363283030187406702021-12-02T11:13:00.001-05:002021-12-02T11:13:15.021-05:00Aaron T. Beck<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Aaron T. Beck<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
Economist</span></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> of
November 13, 2021 contained an obituary for Aaron Beck, who died on November 1,
aged 100. One has to be special to merit an obituary in <i>The Economist</i>,
and Tim was special. In the late 1900s, almost every article on depression cited
publications by Tim. <i>The Beck Depression Inventory</i> was and still is
widely used in research and clinical settings. After Albert Ellis’s initial
contribution, Tim was the major developer of cognitive therapies and, in
addition, he made major contributions to suicidology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I was
fortunate to meet and work with Tim in the 1970s. He organized and hosted a symposium,
closed to outsiders, which resulted in a book, </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The Prediction of Suicide</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">, published in 1974. We published the Hopelessness
Scale </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">which, as
of today, has 7,002 citations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. The
measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. <i>Journal of Consulting
& Clinical Psychology</i>, 1974, 42, 861-865.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We
also worked together on papers suggesting how to overcome the problem of the
use of substitute subjects in suicidology, that is, the use of attempted
suicides to learn about those who died by suicide.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Lester, D., Beck, A. T. & Trexler, L. Extrapolation from attempted
suicides to completed suicides. <i>Journal of Abnormal Psychology</i>, 1975,
84, 563-566.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Lester, D., Beck, A. T. & Mitchell, B. Extrapolation from attempted
suicides to completed suicides: a test. <i>Journal of Abnormal Psychology</i>,
1979, 88, 78-80.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">More
than this, Tim was an incredibly warm, modest and friendly person. <i>The
Economist</i> noted that “By the end of his life, nothing daunted his positive
outlook.” It was a pleasure and an honor to know Tim.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-20252066346229335952021-08-21T13:34:00.005-04:002021-08-21T13:34:48.350-04:00Keeping up with research on suicide<p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">KEEPING UP WITH RESEARCH ON SUICIDE</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">David Lester</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My reviews of suicide research and
theory spanned the years 1887 to 1997, and then I stopped because the volume of
papers became too great if I wanted to peruse <i>every</i> paper, chapter and
book on suicidal behavior. Retirement can be boring at times. Maybe I could
take up my reviews in my retirement?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How many papers were published with
suicid* in the title in 1998. PsycInfo gave me 571 items, PubMed 934 items, Sociological
Abstracts 196 items, Criminal Justice Abstracts 73 items, Criminology Collection
136 items, and Business Source Premier 105 items.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>That is why I stopped in 1997!<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-20606824956733609492021-08-05T10:57:00.007-04:002021-08-05T10:57:53.825-04:00Police officer suicides after the Capitol riot<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Police Officer Suicides after the Capitol Riot</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">David Lester</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On January 6, 2021, hundreds of
people, urged on by Donald Trump, stormed the United States Capitol in
Washington DC to prevent congress from certifying the election results. The
Capitol and Metropolitan police departments were unprepared for this attack.
The Capitol was breached, and massive damage occurred. The police officers there
managed to protect the senators and members of congress from harm. However, the
police officers were assaulted. During the riot, about 140 police officers were
injured and, afterwards, 15 officers were hospitalized. So far, four police
officers involved in protecting the Capitol have died by suicide. Only limited
information is available on these four individuals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> Capitol Police Officer Howard
Liebengood on January 9. He was 51 and a 16-year veteran of the department. He
was married and had been a racing car driver before joining the Capitol Police.
<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">Liebengood looked up to his father, Howrd S. Liebengood Sr.,</span> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> w<span style="color: #2a2a2a;">ho served from 1981 to 1983 as Senate sergeant at arms,
charged with ensuring security in the Capitol and Senate buildings, as well as
protecting members of the Senate. After the riot, Liebengood was assigned to
lengthy shifts for the next three days and became sleep deprived. He killed
himself after the third shift. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Washington DC police officer Jeffrey
Smith died by suicide by suicide on January 15. He was 35 and a 12-year veteran
of the department. He shot himself with his service revolver in his car on the
George Washington Parkway after being ordered back to work. At the riot, he was
punched and hit in the head with a flying metal object (a metal pole). In
subsequent days, he was assigned to guard a hotel, but he refused to remove his
helmet for fear of being hit in the head. His sergeant sent him to the Police
and Fire Clinic where he was prescribed ibuprofen and sent home. At the
follow-up a week later (on January 14), there was no assessment made of his
mental state. Smith had no history of depression or mental illness prior to the
riot.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Washington DC police officer Kyle
DeFreytag died by suicide on July 10. He was 26 years old and had been on the
force for four years (since 2016) and was assigned to the department’s
Emergency Response Team within the Special Operations Division. An online obituary for DeFreytag </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">said he “liked
hiking, camping, riding his motorcycle,<span style="color: black;"> he liked traveling and playing the
drums, he enjoyed trying different ethnic foods and always knew the best places
to eat…..Kyle was kind, he had a quick wit and a great sense of humor &
kept us laughing for 26 years.”</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Washington DC police officer Gunther
Hashida, an 18-year veteran of the Washington DC department (since 2003), died by
suicide at his home on July 29. Hashida was a Japanese American, with Japanese
and German heritage. He had served in the military before becoming a police
officer. He was 43 years old (almost 44), married (for 17 years) with three
children. His wife was a licensed practical nurse who worked in oncology. He
was assigned to the department’s Emergency Response Team within the Special
Operations Division.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Speculations on These Suicides</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is very little information available
on these four men and, therefore, we can only speculate about the causes of their
suicides. Those responding to the attack reported physical abuse and racial
slurs. The officers responding to the attack have reported severe psychiatric
symptoms since the riot.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">"Four
law enforcement <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">officers </span></span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/07/27/this-is-how-im-going-to-die-officers-recall-harrowing-jan-6-experiences-at-hearing/" target="_self" title="https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/07/27/this-is-how-im-going-to-die-officers-recall-harrowing-jan-6-experiences-at-hearing/"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">testified</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> last </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">week about their harrowing, and in some cases, near
deadly experiences responding to the riot. “That day continues to be a constant
trauma for us literally every day, whether because [of] our physical or
emotional injuries or both,” Capitol Police sergeant Aquilino Gonell told a
select committee investigating the attack." (Solender, 2021)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/capitol%20police%20suicides%20article.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">It is clear that
most of the police officers involved in the riot control have experienced full PTSD
or symptoms of PTSD, a risk factor for suicide.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The police departments appeared to
have had no provision for providing counselling and other treatments for their
officers under stress. Ibuprofen is not a treatment for suicide risk!
Hopefully, the departments have learned from this experience.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> O</span>nly one report of the method used for
suicide was found. Jeffrey Smith used a gun and was away from home. That is a typical
scenario for police officers who die by suicide. (Car crashes are another
common method.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hashida died by suicide at home, and
the location of the other two suicides has not been reported. The location of
the suicide is important. If Hashida, and perhaps the other two officers, died by
suicide at home, then they would be discovered by their wife or children. If
they shot themselves, then the scene would be extremely traumatic. (Hanging
would also create a traumatic scene.) It is, therefore, interesting to ask (but
not easy to answer for these particular suicides) why they chose to subject
their family members to this trauma.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A final thought. Veterans who have
served in wars and other military operations are known to have a high suicide
rate after they return home. However, their suicide risk extends for years
after their return. These four suicides occurred soon after the riot, two in
fact within nine days of the riot. This high risk so soon after the traumatic
experience is noteworthy and important to know for those involved in suicide
prevention.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/capitol%20police%20suicides%20article.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/08/03/fourth-police-officer-who-responded-to-capitol-riot-dies-by-suicide/?sh=659ed9217d5b<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-57113646740494037382021-06-28T09:00:00.002-04:002021-06-28T09:00:56.176-04:00Thoughts on who are the most influential suicidologists<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">June 28, 2021<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">9:30 am<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">THOUGHTS ON WHO ARE THE MOST INFLUENTIAL
SUICIDOLOGISTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David Lester<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is a great deal of interest
these days on ranking the leading suicide researchers (as there is in other
fields). It is far from easy to make judgments about this issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Problems with Criteria for Greatness<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The use of Google Scholar for
determining the top suicidologists is hindered by the fact that most
researchers explore topics other than suicide. For example, of my own 35 papers
published in 2020, only 22 were on the topic of suicide or related issues. To
take other examples, Thomas Joiner also studies eating disorders, while Steven
Stack studies marriage and many other topics. Therefore, the total citations,
h-index and i10-index are not accurate as measures of suicide research
productivity and influence for researchers with multiple interests.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
titles of articles may also be misleading, with or without subtitles. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Heidi Hjelmeland and Birthe Loa Knizek’s
article in <i>Death Studies</i> in 2021 has the title: The emperor’s new
clothes? A critical look at the interpersonal theory of suicide. The word <i>suicide</i>
is in the subtitle but not the title. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My most cited article (6,785 citations
as of June 25, 2021) is:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The
measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. <i>Journal of Consulting
& Clinical Psychology, 42,</i> 861-865.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">This paper is
based on psychiatric patients who have attempted suicide, but the word <i>suicide
</i>does not appear in the title or subtitle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many researchers collaborate with
others, and some work in teams. How much credit should each author get for one
publication? Steven Stack and myself have published 16 articles and two books
together. Here is a recent contributor list from a recent article of mine
appearing in <i>Psychiatry Research</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conceptualization:
Isabella Berardelli<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Data
collectiion: Salvatore Sarubbi, Elena Rogante, Denise Erbuto, Maria Rosaria
Cifrodelli<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Formal
analysis: Salvatore Sarubbi, Marco Innamorati<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Methodology:
Isabella Berardelli, Elena Rogante, Denise Erbuto<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Project
administration: Maurizio Pompili, Isabella Berardelli<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Supervision:
Marco Innamorati, David Lester Maurizio Pompili<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Original
draft: Isabella Berardelli, Salvatore Sarubbi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Writing
- review; editing: Marco Innamorati, David Lester, Maurizio Pompili<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Does
each contributor get one point for this article? In addition, in some
departments, the head of the department gets his or her name on the article
even if he or she did not contribute to it. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Citation counts are also thought to be inadequate
unless one distinguishes between citations by others and citations of one’s own
works.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are some scholars who focus on
one area of suicidology. For example, Andriessen, et al. (2015) identified the
ten most cited articles on bereavement after a suicide which were published in
(only) three core journals on suicide. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The era may be thought to play a role. Researchers who
were cited and influential in the 1950s may now no longer ever be mentioned.
Because the volume of studies of suicide has increased dramatically in recent
decades, so have citations. Perhaps the number of articles on suicide each year
should be used to weight citation amounts? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Personal
Judgments<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Then, of course, we can make our own personal judgments.
I wrote reviews of the suicide literature from 1897 to 1997, trying to read
every scholarly article, chapter and book on suicide. The review was published
in four books with the title <i>Why People Kill Themselves</i>, covering the
periods 1897 to 1967, the 1970s, the 1980s, and 1990-1997 after which the task
became too time-consuming for me. Had I kept going, I would not have had enough
time to conduct my own research. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My choices were for greatness were:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1800s:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Emile Durkheim, of course. I would also now add Sigmund Freud who
is responsible the theory of suicide as aggression directed toward the self,
what Shneidman has called <i>murder in the 180<sup>th</sup> degree</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1950s:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Andrew Henry and James Short (whose work has been relatively
ignored (except by me) but whose integrated theory (sociological plus psychological)
is quite remarkable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1960s:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Edwin Shneidman and Norman Farberow, of course, but also Charles
Neuringer for his ground-breaking work on the cognitive processes of suicidal
individuals, and Alex Pokorny for drawing attention to the role of climate and
other factors which had been neglected.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1970s:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aaron Beck and David Phillips. Phillips is rarely cited these days,
but his work on the role of the media was ground-breaking.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1980s:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Antoon Leenaars for his work on suicide notes, Steven Stack for his
sociological studies, Stephen Platt for his work on unemployment, and David
Lester (myself).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It might be thought inappropriate to include myself, but
here is part of my Wikipedia entry. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">His work on suicide has focused on (1) crisis intervention by
telephone, (2) preventing suicide by restricting access to the means for
suicide, (3) studies of the diaries left by suicides, (4) suicide in the
oppressed, including African American slaves, Native Americans, Holocaust victims,
the Roma, and prisoners, (5) reviews of research on and theory concerning
suicide from 1897 to 1997, and (6) innovative ideas including suicide as a
dramatic act, suicide and culture, and suicide and the creative arts. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Who would I choose for the 1990s? For the
period1990-1997, I chose no one. I did not think that any creative researcher
or theorist had appeared in those years.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/leading%20suicidologists.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For the period 1998-2021, I have not kept up with the
literature, but I have written negative reviews on the state of the art in
suicidology (<i>The End of Suicidology</i>, Nova, 2019). From my limited
awareness of the suicidology literature (for 1897 to 1997, I was obsessive and
compulsive in my search and perusal of <i>everything</i>), I would choose
Thomas Joiner. There have been many critics of his theory and the domination by
his former students and by himself of research, but there was a novel feature
of the theory (the inclusion of burdensomeness), and there is no comparable recent
theory to compete with Joiner’s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I would also choose Cas Soper whose writings are not well
known, but he has thrown down the gauntlet in his arguments against traditional
theory and research and argued for an evolutionary theory of suicide. In
addition, Jie Zhang has proposed a new theory of suicide and conducted some
major research studies in China. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Two of my close colleagues (John Gunn and Steven Stack)
also nominated Angus Deaton, Edward Klonsky, Matthew Nock, Rory O’Connor, and Ian
Rockett.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I may have missed an important figure or two, and each of
you may choose different researchers and theorists. (You would be wrong, of
course!)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Published
Lists<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Expertscape<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Expertscape (www.expertscape.com/ex/suicide ) based their
rankings for 22,043 articles published since 2008 and compiled as of February
3, 2019. However, Expertscape searches only medical journals (PubMed) and so
misses psychological and social sciences research. It is therefore, biased. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Pompili%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pompili, M</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Hawton%2C+K"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hawton, K</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Brent%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Brent, D</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_112" o:spid="_x0000_i1156" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_111" o:spid="_x0000_i1155" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Joiner%2C+T"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joiner, T</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_110" o:spid="_x0000_i1154" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_109" o:spid="_x0000_i1153" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 19.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Oquendo%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oquendo, M</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_108" o:spid="_x0000_i1152" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 10.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_107" o:spid="_x0000_i1151" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Lester%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lester, D</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_106" o:spid="_x0000_i1150" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 10.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_105" o:spid="_x0000_i1149" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Nock%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nock, M</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_104" o:spid="_x0000_i1148" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_103" o:spid="_x0000_i1147" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Gunnell%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunnell, D</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_102" o:spid="_x0000_i1146" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_101" o:spid="_x0000_i1145" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Mann%2C+J+John"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mann, J John</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_100" o:spid="_x0000_i1144" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 13.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_99" o:spid="_x0000_i1143" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 15.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Sher%2C+L"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sher, L</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_98" o:spid="_x0000_i1142" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 13.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_97" o:spid="_x0000_i1141" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 15.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/De+Leo%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Leo, D</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_96" o:spid="_x0000_i1140" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 13.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_95" o:spid="_x0000_i1139" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 15.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Pirkis%2C+J"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pirkis, J</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_94" o:spid="_x0000_i1138" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 14.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_93" o:spid="_x0000_i1137" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 15pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Serafini%2C+G"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Serafini, G</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_92" o:spid="_x0000_i1136" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 15pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_91" o:spid="_x0000_i1135" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 14.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Yip%2C+P+S+F"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yip, P S F</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_90" o:spid="_x0000_i1134" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 15.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_89" o:spid="_x0000_i1133" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 13.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Conwell%2C+Y"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Conwell, Y</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_88" o:spid="_x0000_i1132" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 15.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_87" o:spid="_x0000_i1131" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 13.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Girardi%2C+P"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Girardi, P</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_86" o:spid="_x0000_i1130" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 16.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_85" o:spid="_x0000_i1129" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 12.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Rihmer%2C+Z"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rihmer, Z</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_84" o:spid="_x0000_i1128" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 17.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_83" o:spid="_x0000_i1127" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 12pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Innamorati%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Innamorati, M</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_82" o:spid="_x0000_i1126" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 17.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_81" o:spid="_x0000_i1125" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 12pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Nordentoft%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nordentoft, M</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_80" o:spid="_x0000_i1124" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 17.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_79" o:spid="_x0000_i1123" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 12pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Baca-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+E"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Baca-García, E</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_78" o:spid="_x0000_i1122" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_77" o:spid="_x0000_i1121" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Gonda%2C+X"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gonda, X</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_76" o:spid="_x0000_i1120" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_75" o:spid="_x0000_i1119" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Sareen%2C+J"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sareen, J</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_74" o:spid="_x0000_i1118" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_73" o:spid="_x0000_i1117" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Milner%2C+Allison"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Milner, Allison</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_72" o:spid="_x0000_i1116" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_71" o:spid="_x0000_i1115" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Anestis%2C+Michael"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anestis,
Michael</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_70" o:spid="_x0000_i1114" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_69" o:spid="_x0000_i1113" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 10.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Stanley%2C+B"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stanley, B</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_68" o:spid="_x0000_i1112" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_67" o:spid="_x0000_i1111" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 10.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Courtet%2C+Philippe"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Courtet,
Philippe</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_66" o:spid="_x0000_i1110" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_65" o:spid="_x0000_i1109" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 10.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Hom%2C+Melanie+A"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hom, Melanie A</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_64" o:spid="_x0000_i1108" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 19.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_63" o:spid="_x0000_i1107" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Conner%2C+K"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Conner, K</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_62" o:spid="_x0000_i1106" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 19.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_61" o:spid="_x0000_i1105" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Apter%2C+A"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Apter, A</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_60" o:spid="_x0000_i1104" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 19.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_59" o:spid="_x0000_i1103" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/K%C3%B5lves%2C+Kairi"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kõlves, Kairi</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_58" o:spid="_x0000_i1102" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 19.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_57" o:spid="_x0000_i1101" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Bossarte%2C+R"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bossarte, R</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_56" o:spid="_x0000_i1100" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 20.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_55" o:spid="_x0000_i1099" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Large%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Large, M</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_54" o:spid="_x0000_i1098" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 20.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_53" o:spid="_x0000_i1097" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Wasserman%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wasserman, D</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_52" o:spid="_x0000_i1096" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 20.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_51" o:spid="_x0000_i1095" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Ilgen%2C+Mark"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ilgen, Mark</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_50" o:spid="_x0000_i1094" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 20.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_49" o:spid="_x0000_i1093" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Robinson%2C+Jo"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Robinson, Jo</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_48" o:spid="_x0000_i1092" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_47" o:spid="_x0000_i1091" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Erlangsen%2C+A"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Erlangsen, A</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_46" o:spid="_x0000_i1090" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_45" o:spid="_x0000_i1089" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Kapur%2C+Nav"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kapur, Nav</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_44" o:spid="_x0000_i1088" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_43" o:spid="_x0000_i1087" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/O%27Connor%2C+R"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">O'Connor, R</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_42" o:spid="_x0000_i1086" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_41" o:spid="_x0000_i1085" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Jollant%2C+F"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jollant, F</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_40" o:spid="_x0000_i1084" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_39" o:spid="_x0000_i1083" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Miller%2C+Matthew"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miller, Matthew</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_38" o:spid="_x0000_i1082" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_37" o:spid="_x0000_i1081" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Ballard%2C+E"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ballard, E</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_36" o:spid="_x0000_i1080" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_35" o:spid="_x0000_i1079" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Stanley%2C+Ian+H"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stanley, Ian H</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_34" o:spid="_x0000_i1078" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_33" o:spid="_x0000_i1077" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Chang%2C+S-S"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chang, S-S</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_32" o:spid="_x0000_i1076" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_31" o:spid="_x0000_i1075" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Ribeiro%2C+J+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ribeiro, J D</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_30" o:spid="_x0000_i1074" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1073" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Bryan%2C+Craig"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bryan, Craig</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_28" o:spid="_x0000_i1072" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_27" o:spid="_x0000_i1071" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Caine%2C+E"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Caine, E</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_26" o:spid="_x0000_i1070" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_25" o:spid="_x0000_i1069" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Fazel%2C+Seena"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fazel, Seena</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_24" o:spid="_x0000_i1068" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1067" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Kessler%2C+R+C"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kessler, R C</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1066" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1065" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Baldessarini%2C+R+J"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Baldessarini, R
J</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1064" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1063" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Borges%2C+G"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Borges, G</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_18" o:spid="_x0000_i1062" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1061" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Zhang%2C+Jie"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zhang, Jie</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1060" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1059" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Gibbons%2C+R"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gibbons, R</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1058" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1057" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Fountoulakis%2C+Konstantinos+N"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fountoulakis,
Konstantinos N</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1056" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1055" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Wilcox%2C+H"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wilcox, H</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1054" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1053" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Guillaume%2C+S"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Guillaume, S</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1052" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Amore%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amore, M</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1050" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1049" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/M%C3%B8ller%2C+H"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Møller, H</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Page%2C+A"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Page, A</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1046" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1045" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Bridge%2C+Jeff"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bridge, Jeff</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Omitted
27,568 lower-scoring<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apparently this list was based on simply the number of
articles published with suicide in the title. One assumes that they searched
for titles with suicid*. However, this list does not discriminate between
articles and editorials/comments. Several of those on the list carry out very
little research but, rather, publish brief comments on suicide (and other
topics).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vogelzang, et al. 2011<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vogelzang, et al. (2011) search the Web of Science for
articles on suicide PLUS depression, which obviously limits the range of
articles on suicide, for the period 1900-2007. The top 15 researchers in order
of number of publications were:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">JJ Mann<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">MA Oquendo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Y Conwell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">J Lönnqvist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">A Apter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">DA Brent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">CF Reynolds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">HY Meltzer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">HS Akiskal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">K Hawton<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">RJ Baldessarini<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">A Roy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">J Angst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">V Arango<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clearly, this does not tap leading suicidologists. Only
some of those on this list contribute meaningfully to suicidology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ionnadis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The lists provided by Ioannadis (2016) do not focus on
suicide, but rather on all papers published by scholars. It is not easy, therefore,
to identify the suicidologists, and it is impossible to identify the scores for
only suicide research. Ionnadis ranks the top 2% of scholars in the world and
his c scores for the top ten on the Expertscape list are shown below:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_139" o:spid="_x0000_i1044" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: .75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_140" o:spid="_x0000_i1043" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 30pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Pompili%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pompili, M</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>3.83</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_141" o:spid="_x0000_i1042" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 3pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_142" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 26.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Hawton%2C+K"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hawton, K</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.65</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_143" o:spid="_x0000_i1040" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 3.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_144" o:spid="_x0000_i1039" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 25.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Turecki%2C+G"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Turecki, G</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4,23</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_145" o:spid="_x0000_i1038" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_146" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 22.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Brent%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Brent, D</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>not
scored</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_147" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_148" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 21.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1black" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Joiner%2C+T"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joiner, T</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.56</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_149" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 9.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="1x1rim" src="file:///C:/Users/BIJOUL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_150" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 19.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Oquendo%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Oquendo, M</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.02</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_151" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 10.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_152" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Lester%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lester, D</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.40</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_153" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 10.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_154" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Nock%2C+M"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nock, M</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.45</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_155" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_156" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Gunnell%2C+D"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gunnell, D</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.40</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1rim.gif" id="Picture_x0020_157" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="http://www.expertscape.com/static/1x1black.gif" id="Picture_x0020_158" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 5.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 18pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://www.expertscape.com/au/suicide/Mann%2C+J+John"><span style="color: darkblue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mann, J John</span></a><span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>3.77</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Keith Hawton leads, with
Thomas Joiner second. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Web of Science<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Web of Science publishes the top 100 suicidologists
based solely on the number of articles on the topic. The top 10 are shown
below. I do wonder who anonymous is and how he or she is so prolific! The Web of Science appears to do the best job of capturing articles on suicide in all disciplines. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">D Lester<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1163<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anonymous<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>659<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">JJ Mann<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>470<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">K Hawton<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>370<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">M Pompili<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>314<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">G. Turecki<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>296<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">TE Joiner <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>295<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">D Gunnell<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>293<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">MA Oquendo<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>280<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">N Kapur<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>234<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">D De Leo<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>227<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of course, it would appear to be objective if greatness
could be quantified, but the numbers generated will always be criticized on
some grounds. For myself, I prefer the subjective method, that is, my own
evaluation of the contributions made by suicidologists!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt; text-indent: -36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Andriessen,
K., Krysinska, K., & Stack, S. (2015). Predictors of article impact in
suicidology. <i>Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 45,</i> 18-24.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt; text-indent: -36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ioannadis,
J. P. N., Klavans, R., & Boyack, K. W. (2016). Multiple citation indicators
and their composite across scientific disciplines. <i>PLOS Biology, </i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">14</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">(7): e1002501<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt; text-indent: -36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lester,
D. (1972, 1983, 1992, 2000). <i>Why people kill themselves</i>. Springfield,
IL: Charles Thomas. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt; text-indent: -36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lester,
D. (2019). <i>The end of suicidology</i>. Hauppauge, NY: Nova.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt; text-indent: -36.7pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vogelzang,
B.H., Scutaru, C., Mache, S., Vitzthum, K., Quarcoo, D., & Groneberg, D. A.
(2011). Depression and suicide publication analysis, using density equalizing
mapping and output benchmarking. <i>Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine,
33</i>(1), 59-65.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5pt; tab-stops: 36.6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/leading%20suicidologists.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For my proposals for
these eras, I am not sure that, today, in 2021, I would include all of those
listed above.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-7164620656384112332021-06-24T10:51:00.004-04:002021-06-24T10:51:44.992-04:00My articles on suicide that have never been cited<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">MY ARTICLES ON SUICIDE THAT HAVE NEVER BEEN CITED</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David Lester</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As of June 24, 2021, my top cited
articles according to Google Scholar are the following.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">AT Beck, A Weissman, D Lester, L Trexler (1974). The measurement of
pessimism: the hopelessness scale. <i>Journal of consulting and clinical
psychology, 42</i>(6), 861-865<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Citations: 6785</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">LJ Collett, D Lester (1969). The fear of death and the fear of dying. <i>Journal
of Psychology, 72</i>(2), 179-181<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Citations: 725</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">D Lester (1992<i>). Why people kill themselves: a 1990s summary of research
findings on suicidal behavior</i>. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas 1992<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Citations: 486</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">K Krysinska, D Lester (2010. Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide
risk: a systematic review. <i>Archives of suicide research, 14</i>(1), 1-23<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Citations: 411</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">M Pompili, G Serafini, M Innamorati, G Dominici, S Ferracuti, ...(2010).
Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. <i>International journal of environmental
research and public health, 7</i>(4)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Citations: 399</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">M Pompili, XF Amador, P Girardi, J Harkavy-Friedman, M Harrow, ...(2007).
Suicide risk in schizophrenia: learning from the past to change the future. <i>Annals
of general psychiatry 6</i>(1), 1-22.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Citations: 386</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My most
cited article is not specifically on suicide but, of course, it has been cited
frequently in articles on suicide, and the scale (and its construct) have
become central in the field. I work on topics other than suicide, and my fear
of death scale has become my second most cited article. <i>Why People Kill
Themselves</i> has four different editions, each reviewing suicide research
from different decades and eras, and one of the four ranks third. I work with
Maurizio Pompili and his team on many articles, and two of those are in my
top-six most cited articles. None of this is surprising except for the amazingly
large number of citations for the Hopeless Scale.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have
53,304 citations for my work, my h-index is 89 and my i10-index 1100. I have
2,719 articles on my Google Scholar profile. Pretty good, but I have a large
number of articles that have never been cited.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sixteen
were published in 2021 and 34 in 2020, and so they are too recent to be cited. I
eliminated articles without suicide in the title. Of the remaining articles, three
were letters to medical journal, while 54 were <i>in Psychological Reports</i>,
and 32 in <i>Perceptual and Motor Skills</i>, almost all of which were brief
notes in journals that used to have a very poor reputation among scholars, but
which published many ground-breaking and creative ideas (or at least of some
interest).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">D Lester (1993). A test of a social deviancy theory of suicide using
the foreign born. <i>Psychological reports, 73</i>(1), 58-58.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Other uncited articles were general articles in job-oriented
journals such as</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">D Lester (1986). The suicidal person: Recognition and helping <i>Police
J.</i> 59, 216-221</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Some were in proceedings from conferences, books that
are rarely read, such as</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">D Lester, ME Murrell (1983). The influence of strict handgun laws on
suicidal behavior in the USA. <i>Depression and Suicide: Aspects Medicaux,
Psychologiques et Socio-Culturels</i>…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Others were editorials, chapters in books, and
articles in foreign journals such as <i>Journal of Islamic Countries
Organization of Forensic Medicine</i>, <i>South African Journal of Psychology</i>,
and <i>Giornale Italiano di Suicidologia</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is
interesting to note in that there are some journals that had many of my uncited
articles including <i>Crisis </i>and <i>Suicidology Online</i>, indicating
perhaps that either the major scholars in the field do not peruse these
journals or that abstracting services do not flag these articles. The lack of
citations for articles in the <i>European Journal of Psychiatry</i> is
surprising.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">D Lester (1991). Are the societal correlates of suicide and homicide
rates the same for each lethal weapon? A study of European nations. <i>European
Journal of Psychiatry 5,</i> 5-8.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
have researchers missed? One of the articles never cited was on suicide in prisoners,
suggesting that some populations are of less interest than others.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">MS Heller, SM Ehrlich, D Lester. (1985). Suicidal history of defendants
and offenders. <i>Journal of general psychology 112</i>(2), 221-223.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Some topics are also of less interest to researchers,
and perhaps some countries.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">D Lester (1994). Suicide and Anti-Semitism: The Suicides of Stefan Zweig
and Otto Weininger. <i>Journal of Psychology & Judaism 18</i>, 249-258.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A Czabański, D Lester. (2013). Suicide among Polish officers during
World War II in Oflag II-C Woldenberg. <i>Psychological Reports 112,</i>
727-731.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">EJD Wilde, D Lester. (2002). Social protests and rates of personal
violence in the Netherlands. <i>Archives of suicide research 6</i>(3), 249-255.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However,
all is not lost. My most cited article in <i>Psychological Reports</i> had 175
citations as of April 2021, but it was not on suicide. Perhaps you should check
my one-page notes on suicide?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">D Lester Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs (2013). <i>Psychological
reports 113</i>(1), 15-17.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Citations: 175</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 30.75pt 526.5pt 577.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-75295313521142484542021-05-21T10:49:00.000-04:002021-05-21T10:49:08.867-04:00My Google Scholar Account!<p> I have cleaned up my Google Scholar account for the last time!!!!! </p><p>On April 24, I had 2716 entries, and when you correct one (let's say number 2000), the website returns you to the first 20 entries, and you have start scrolling down all over again. It should return you to the one you've just corrected so that you don't have to scroll down again.</p><p>In the old days, there was another David Lester (at Rutgers University) who conducted research alcoholism, and we occasionally published in the same journal (e.g., Journal of Studies on Alcohol). I eliminated his articles from my account. Now there is another D. Lester who works on stochastic processes and related topics and whose articles are appearing in my account.</p><p>Plus many incorrect citations. Enough! As of April 24, it was correct. (It's probably got errors again already.)</p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-44909229667779627682021-05-18T19:40:00.004-04:002021-05-18T19:40:20.139-04:00The end of suicidology continued<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">THE END OF SUICIDOLOGY
CONTINUED</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">David Lester</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I am well-known for claiming that we
have reached <i>the end of suicidology</i> (Lester, 2000, 2019). By this, I
mean that I do not think that researchers and theoreticians will advance our understanding
of why people die by suicide. There are several aspects to this.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suicide
is Statistically Rare</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First, suicide is statistically rare
(Lester, 1994). Rare events are very difficult to predict. However, there are rare
events in the physical world (such as hurricanes and lightning strikes) that
are rare, but their mechanisms of development are understood.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Too
Many Articles Published</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Second, the literature of suicide is
becoming so large that a comprehensive view of it is not possible. In my four
books entitled <i>Why People Kill Themselves</i>, I reviewed every work on
suicide that I could find from 1897 to 1997. I used abstracts from <i>every </i>discipline.
I don’t think any one person could do this anymore. I just now downloaded the
articles on suicide and self-harm from SafetyLit<a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/the%20end.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> for
May 2, 2021, and there were 106 articles listed. In 52 weeks, that would extrapolate
to 5,512 articles in 2021.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Obscure
and Low Prestige Journals</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I am not sure that SafetyLit searches
all the possible journal domains: anthropology, gender studies, media studies,
criminal justice studies, etc. Furthermore, many academic institutions and
researchers frown on predatory journals (that is, those that charge a fee<a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/the%20end.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>),
and most of those articles are not included in abstracting services. However,
this does not mean that none of them are making a useful contribution to the
field.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, my cohort theory of
suicide (Lester, 1984) proposed that each cohort of the population born may
have only a limited number of potential suicides. If this cohort has a high
suicide rate early in life, then it will have a low suicide rate later in life,
and <i>vice versa</i>. I found this theory in an article by Uematsue (1961)
published in <i>Acta Medica et Biologica</i> which is not a commonly perused
journal. (An article by M. Uematsue in 1961 is listed in PubMed, but it is not
his article on suicide.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If we are seriously interested in
studying suicide, then some person or team might profitably search predatory
journals for articles on suicide. The most prestigious journals often refuse to
publish innovative and short articles on topics. In the good old days, the two
journals <i>Psychological Reports</i> and <i>Perceptual & Motor Skills</i>,
published by Robert and Carol Ammons, would often publish an article on a new
idea, and this idea would appear in the prestigious journal many years later
with more substantial research supporting it. The original idea, however, would
be in the Ammons’s journals.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/the%20end.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Low
Levels of Suicidality</span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It has often been argued that an
understanding of suicidal ideation or of suicide attempts may not advance our
knowledge of those who die by suicide. The best that can be said is that the
three groups have a limited, quite small overlap in causative factors. Lester,
et al. (1979 proposed how this problem might be overcome (by dividing a sample
of attempted suicides into groups by the level of their suicide intent and then
extrapolating to completed suicides), but their proposal has received very
little attention. Recently, I argued that suicidologists should focus on
completed suicides (Lester, 2021).</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A Small Test of My Hypothesis</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Of course, those 106 articles in the
May 2, 2021, issue of SafetyLit are only a miniscule sample of the literature
on suicide that will appear in 2021. However, was anything useful published,
useful, that is, for furthering our understanding on completed suicide?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A suicide had a rust stain on
his finger from the gun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suicides who used poisoning
differed in age and sex from those using other methods. Omitting suicides by
poisoning, 16% of those using other methods tested positive for opioids.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Barriers to transitioning from
the ER to outpatient treatment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pediatricians asking parents
about safe gun storage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Patients with major
depression, with and without suicidal ideation, differed in their core
structural network connectome as noted in the MRIs;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Incarceration of parents and
substance misuse contributed to planning suicide in young African Americans<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On an addiction recovery
program<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zero genetic influence in
attempted suicides using genome-wide association<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A case of suicide using a
table saw<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Contact with a suicide
prevention worker reduced subsequent risk of attempted suicide in veterans</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I’m getting tired already. For all
those articles from 1897 to 1997, I had a3-by-5 card filled out! So, far two of
the ten articles are on completed suicide but are of little or no interest. Let
me focus on those that remain on the list that seem to be on completed suicide.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A protocol for a study not yet
carried out!!!!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Best practices for
psychological autopsies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Two premature studies on COVID
and suicide (good studies will not be possible for a year or two)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Comment with no data on
pesticides and suicide<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The death rate in those who
ingest pesticides<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A comment on someone else’s
article on the trends in poisoning suicides in Canada – could it be due to
misclassification?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suicide rates by veterans by
area (zip code) affected by variables such as latitude, hours of sunshine,
rates of firearm ownership, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A case of suicide after taking
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Dextromethorphan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">News coverage of suicide in Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">News coverage of suicide in India<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Youth suicide on the rise in Malawi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Review of suicide during epidemics of infectious
diseases: little robust evidence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Celebrity suicides result in a rise in suicides in the
next few days in South Korea<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">How to reduce suicide in veterans transitioning out of
the military<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">An attempt to predict the impact of </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">California’s
Mental Health Services Act on suicides. No impact was predicted (This was not a
direct study of its impact)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Only white American are less likely to die by suicide
after a mental health visit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Patients with </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #505050; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">primary malignant bone tumors have a
higher risk of suicide<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Editorial: opioid addicts have a high rate of suicide<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Reason for medical students in India to die by suicide
(such as academic stress)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">In Massachusetts, </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Workers in
occupations with higher injury and illnesses rates and more job insecurity had
higher rates of deaths of despair<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #2a2a2a; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A comment of an
article reporting three suicides using sodium nitrite<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">An
increased suicide mortality rate was associated with weight loss in the year
before a suicide</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I
did not expect any startling discoveries or new ideas, and there were not any.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perhaps it would be better to study a
suicidology journal. <i>Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior </i>is edited
by Thomas Joiner, and 32%-45% of the articles in that journal in recent years
have been on Joiner’s Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (Hjelmeland & Knizek,
2020) which raises ethical issues. Let us look at one issue of the <i>Archives
of Suicide Research </i>(2021, issue 1), a journal which has less bias.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LGBTQ youth have higher rates
of suicidal ideation and behavior: a review<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Problems in adult attachment
are associated with suicidal ideation: a review<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Experience of racial
discrimination in Africa-American men is associated with suicidal ideation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Race/ethnic groups who die by
suicide differ in substance abuse, physical health and relationship problems<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Greater social support is
associated with less suicidal ideation in prisoners<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suicidal ideation predicts
later attempted suicide in veterans<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emotion dysregulation predicts
suicidal ideation in veterans<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lack of optimism, as well as
perceived burdensomeness, predicted suicidal ideation in inpatient adolescents<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An education program for
clinicians increased their knowledge about self-harm in the elderly</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Only one study is on suicide (and that
studied distal variables by the method used for suicide), and all of the
variables studied have been known for a long time to be associated with
suicidal ideation and attempts.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I realize that I chose a very small
sample of articles on suicide. A complete perusal of the thousands of articles
in abstract services on suicide for 2021 might reveal a new theory or
hypothesis about those who </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><i>die by suicide</i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, but I’m not
optimistic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Grants will be awarded, publications
appear, academics will be tenured and promoted as a result, both predatory and
non-predatory journals will make money, etc., but we won’t be any closer to
understanding suicide. Yes, I am<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a
pessimist, but also I wish I had been able to keep scouring the literature
after 1997 to see if there was a jewel out there waiting to be discovered, read
and brought to the attention of us all.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">References</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hjelmeland, H., & Knizek,
B. L. (2020). The emperor’s new clothes! <i>Death Studies, 44, </i>168-178<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (1984). Suicide
risk by birth cohort. <i>Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 14, </i>132-136.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (1994). Reflections
on the statistical rarity of suicide. <i>Crisis, 15</i>, 187-188.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (2000). The end of
suicidology. <i>Crisis, 21,</i> 158-159.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (2019). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The end
of suicidology</i>. Hauppauge, NY: Nova.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (2021).
Suicidologists should stop studying non-lethal suicidal behavior. <i>Suicide
Studies, 2</i>(1), 24-25.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D., Beck, A. T. &
Mitchell, B. (1979). Extrapolation from attempted suicides to completed
suicides: a test. <i>Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88,</i> 78-80.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Uematsue, M. (1961). A
statistical approach to the host factor of suicide in adolescence. <i>Acta
Medica et Biologica, 8</i>, 279-286.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/the%20end.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.safetylit.org/archive.htm<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/the%20end.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Some prestigious
charge submission and publication fees too.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/the%20end.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It used to be a joke
that you get one point for every article published, except for articles
published in the Ammons’s journal for which you get a point deducted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-81529874478290537152021-03-04T09:57:00.000-05:002021-03-04T09:57:27.277-05:00Understanding a Suicide Versus Understanding Suicide<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Understanding <i>a Suicide</i> Versus Understanding <i>Suicide</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David Lester</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Research and theory in suicidology are
concerned with understanding suicide and, most of time, do a pretty good job of
this. Durkheim’s (1897) classification of four types of suicides (or cultures
and subcultures) has been cited extensively and applied to many situations,
such as suicide terrorists who have been classified as altruistic by many
commentators, perhaps erroneously (Lester, 2021). Joiner’s (2005) Interpersonal
Theory of Suicide (IPTS), although criticized, is the most studied theory in
the 21<sup>st</sup> century and typically receives empirical support.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A researcher might take a sample of
individuals, say college students, and give them a measure of suicidal
ideation, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness and the acquired capability
for self-harm, and find the positive correlations as predicted by the theory. It
looks like we may have contributed to an understanding of suicide.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But……</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First of all, </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">social science is not
a science. Chemicals dissolve, explode, combine, etc. Objects on earth obey
gravity. Even light waves obey gravity - hence we can see stars that are behind
objects such as the moon. Physics and chemistry are sciences.</span><span style="color: #201f1e; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Psychology and
sociology are not sciences. Every result has a probability of being correct and
also of being wrong. So social facts are not the same as physical science
facts. Newton did not say, if I let go of this apple, I am 95% certain that it
will drop.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Second,
research in suicidology, like research into other psychological and sociological
topics, is a game. Look at how many useless articles have appeared in 2020 and
2021 on covid-19. Researchers saw an opportunity for a quick article, enhance
their resumé and improve their chances for tenure and promotion. Do we really
need competing fear of covid-19 scales, let alone one? Only the researchers developing
vaccines (chemists and biologists) performed useful work. The same is true of most
suicide research. Let me get a sample, administer several tests of risk factor
for suicide, and publish the results. Another paper, but no contribution to
even understanding <i>suicide</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Third, there
is a difference between research and real life. Lester and Gunn (2021) studied
the lives of 72 famous suicides, famous enough to have biographies written
about them. The research found that perceived burdensomeness was not common in
the motivations for their suicides. It was found in only 15.3% of the cases.
However, there were cases which conformed to Joiner’s theory, Jerzy Kosinski
for example. Does the IPTS explain Kosiński’s suicide? Read his biography, or
my essay based on the biography, and you will see that his life was far more
complex than three psychological constructs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Recently, I have been working on a
new book on <i>Katie’s Diary</i> (Lester, 2004). Because I could not get
volunteers to write a chapter applying the IPTS to Katie, I wrote the chapter.
It was possible to find passages in Katie’s diary that supported all of the
constructs proposed by the IPTS: thwarted belongingness, perceived
burdensomeness and the acquired capability for self-harm. However, on reading
the other chapters submitted for the new book, I realized how the IPTS did not
account for Katie’s suicide. Yes, those three constructs were present, but I
still wondered why she choose suicide.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The other chapters, written more
from a phenomenological point of view, made her suicide much more
understandable. Katie’s mind and social surround were so much more complex than
three simple constructs. In the first book on Katie, one contributor explored
the role of God in Katie’s life and death, another her irrational thinking, and
another the voices in her mind that communicated with her. In the current book
in preparation, contributors discuss Katie’s life and suicide from the
perspectives of Gestalt psychology, transactional analysis, and </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">meaning-making (the
establishment of an internal order of the world which gives a feeling of predictability
and control). As I read and edited those chapters, I felt that I had a much
better understanding of why Katie choose to die by suicide. I even developed
the feeling that her suicide was <i>inevitable</i>, a feeling I did not get
from my chapter on the IPTS.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Therefore, we are skilled in playing
the game of research apparently oriented toward understanding <i>suicide</i>.
But <i>individual suicides</i> are too complex to be understandable based
solely on that research.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Durkheim, E.
(1897). <i>Le suicide</i>. Paris, France: Felix Alcan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Joiner, T. E. (2005). <i>Why people die by suicide</i>. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D. (2004).
Katie’s diary. New York: Brunner-Routledge. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D. (2021).
Suicide terrorists and terrorism. Hauppauge, NY: Nova.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Lester, D., & Gunn, J. F. (in press).
</span><span style="color: #323130; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perspectives
on a Young Woman's Suicide: A Study of a Diary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-66988937714802259982021-03-02T09:14:00.000-05:002021-03-02T09:14:42.471-05:00Thoughts on Google Scholar<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #201f1e; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Thoughts on Google Scholar</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David Lester</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I frequently download my Google
Scholar listing of articles and citations and endeavour to edit and correct it.
There are often so many errors: articles I did not write, volume and page
numbers of journal articles missing, and I dislike entries that are ALL IN
CAPITAL LETTERS.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is my most cited article? It
doesn’t have the word <i>suicide</i> in the title, but our 1974 article on the
hopeless scale now has 6,224 citations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But what is more surprising is that
some articles received no citations while others have received citations. I
write so much and, at the time of writing the articles, I gave no thought to
their importance. I wrote for the fun of it. Could I get an article in this new
journal? Could I get an article from these data? Even in graduate school days
in the 1960s, a friend accused me of “cluttering up the literature.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler,
L. The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. <i>Journal of
Consulting & Clinical Psychology</i>, 1974, 42, 861-865.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6,224 citations: that is not
surprising.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D., Narkunski, A., Burkman, J., & Gandica,
A. An exploratory study of correlates of success in a vocational training
program for ex-addicts. <i>Psychological Reports</i>, 1975, 37, 1212-1214.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was asked to help out with their
training program, and I knew <i>Psychological Reports</i> would take the
article, but 7 citations. I’m shocked. It seems to have been of interest.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Wahlgren, K., & Lester, D. The big four
personality in dogs. <i>Psychological Reports</i>, 2003, 92, 828</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Again, I wrote this one page note
just for fun, and it has 10 citations. For some of these articles with
citations, I am tempted to see where and how they was cited. Did someone really
find them provocative?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Since I knew the suicide literature
well up to 1997 through my obsessive reviews of the literature (4 editions of <i>Why
People Kill Themselves</i>), I knew that some of my notes were the first
article on the topic, such as</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D. Anomie
and the suicidal individual. <i>Psychological Reports</i>, 1970, 26, 532.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">That has 5
citations. But these following articles (among hundreds) have no citations! Did
nobody find the topic of interest and did the articles stimulate no further
research? Of course, sometimes the journal is responsible – very few people
peruse them. But the topics seemed interesting to me, even important.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Czabanski, A., & Lester, D. Suicide among Polish
officers during World War II in Oflag-II-C Woldenberg. <i>Psychological
Reports, </i>2013, 112, 727-731.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D. The murder of women around the world. <i>EuroCriminology</i>,
1996, 10, 155-157.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D. Suicide and anti-semitism. <i>Journal of
Psychology & Judaism</i>, 1994, 18, 249-258.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D. Symbolism in the Chinese language. <i>International
Journal of Symbology</i>, 1974, 5(1), 18-21.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is most welcome that we don’t
know how our articles will be received as we write and submit it or else we
might never finish and publish them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-5739088471069658982021-01-22T10:18:00.006-05:002021-01-23T07:45:44.219-05:00Will suicide rates rise or decline during the pandemic?<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Will Suicide Rates Rise or
Decline During the Pandemic?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">David Lester</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There has been much speculation as to
whether suicide rates will rise during the current pandemic resulting from
Covid-19, and there have been some articles already looking at preliminary data
on suicides in limited regions and on non-fatal suicidal behavior (attempts and
ideation).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is easy to explain why suicide rates
may rise.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The lockdown ordered by governments has resulted in increased in stress
as people adapt to their new living conditions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Working from home eliminates many, if not most, of the social contacts
people have. Working in an office or large enterprise provides a large number
of social interactions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">People often experience depression in the Winter season (seasonal
affective depression), and part of this is a result of being shut-in at home
during the cold and snowy weather. The pandemic has resulted in people being
restricted to their homes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There has been tremendous economic hardship as a result of workers being
laid off and businesses closing. The response of governments (through stimulus
checks, banning evictions, etc.) has been helpful, but far from adequate.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Those who worked away from home or left home for education are now at
home, and interpersonal tensions may rise. Hotlines have reported an increase
in the frequency of domestic violence resulting from this.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">With millions of deaths from the pandemic, there have tens of million
bereaved people who have to deal with this loss, a loss occurring under terrible
conditions, such as isolation from their dying loved-ones in order to prevent
the spread of the virus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It
is, therefore, not surprising if the mental health of people has worsened
during the pandemic and, perhaps, suicidal behavior has increased.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Why might suicide rates decline during
the pandemic. One of the neglected theories in suicidology has been that of
Henry and Short (1954). Their theory is complex, with both sociological and
psychological components. The component most relevant to the pandemic is where to
what people attach blame for their misery.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Henry and Short argued that, if people
have a clear external cause to blame for their misery and unhappiness, then
they will be angry and direct their aggression outwards. In contrast, if
individuals have no clear external cause to blame for their misery, then they
will blame themselves for their misery. Something is defective in them that
accounts for their unhappiness. Then they will be more likely to become
suicidal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have used this idea to explain the suicide
of people who have been given their eyesight or hearing back after long period
of blindness and deafness. When they were blind and unhappy, they knew why they
were unhappy. When their vision was restored and they remained unhappy, then
there was no external cause to blame for this unhappiness and, therefore, no
hope for happiness.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I used the idea to explain why
countries and regions of countries had higher suicide rates when the quality of
life in those regions was higher. A higher quality of life in a region provides
fewer external causes to blame for one’s misery.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The pandemic has provided clear
external causes to blame for our unhappiness. There is the virus, an inadequate
government response, and limitations to our lives created by the efforts that
governments did make, such as closing restaurants, gyms and movie theaters.
Therefore, people became angry, as evidenced by the protests and demonstrations
around the world against government restrictions and lockdowns.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Did the suicide rate rise or decline
in the year 2020? We can predict an increase, a decrease, and no change at all.
Clearly, it will have to be a post-hoc “prediction.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-17859007862653673592020-12-25T09:28:00.006-05:002020-12-25T09:28:33.429-05:00Suicidologists should stop studying non-lethal suicidal behavior<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Suicidologists Should Stop Studying Non-Lethal
Suicidal Behavior<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David Lester<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An alternative title could be: <i>The
Method of Substitute Subjects Has No Value for Understanding Suicide</i>. The
method of substitute subjects as a term was coined for suicidologists by
Neuringer (1962). Because suicides are deceased and, so cannot be given the
standardized tests and interviews developed by psychologists, Neuringer
suggested turning to the study of those who have suicidal ideation or who have
attempted suicide – substitute subjects The majority of studies on suicide, therefore,
use suicide ideators and attempters as the subjects for research. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>I would argue that this is great
for getting publications, academic success and grants, but almost totally
useless for understanding suicide.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You might argue that we are
interested in suicide ideators and attempters themselves, and this is, of
course, true, but they are not as interesting as suicides and will not help us
to understand suicides. Let me give an example.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Joiner’s (2005) Interpersonal Theory
of Suicide proposes that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness
are behind every suicide. Almost all of the research of this theory uses living
subjects and, indeed, often scores on scales to measure these two constructs
are associated positively with a measure of suicidality. This has been found in
samples of psychiatric patients (Teismann, et al., 2016) and undergraduate
students (<span style="background: white; color: #201f1e;">Lockman & Servaty-Seib,
2016).</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But studies of suicide notes and
suicides find that there is little evidence that perceived burdensomeness plays
a role in more than15% of the suicides (Gunn, et al., 2012; Lester & Gunn,
2021). How is this possible?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Giving undergraduate students Joiner’s
test of perceived burdensomeness (which provides scores in the range of x-x)
does not mean that their scores will be high. Almost all of the students may
obtain low scores. Thus, the researcher is basically comparing students with very
low scores to students with somewhat low scores. If a Likert-type scale is used
(with scores ranging from -3 to +3), nearly all the students might have
negative scores. The correlation, therefore, between perceived burdensomeness
and suicidal ideation is difficult to interpret. If you strongly disagree that
you are a burden to others, you are less suicidal than if you somewhat disagree
that you are a burden. This does not help us understand those who die by
suicide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is not relevant only to Joiner’s
IPTS theory of suicide. It applies to the defeat-entrapment theory of suicide,
the cognitive distortion theory, and all theories. I used Joiner’s theory only
because myself and John Gunn have studied suicides from the point of view of
Joiner’s theory and found that perceived burdensomeness is rare in suicides. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These is perhaps a way out of this
problem. In two paper (Lester, et al., 1975, 1979), I argued that researchers
could use attempted suicides to learn about if suicide, <b>if and only if</b>
they categorized the attempters into groups by their level of lethality or
their level of suicide intent. They could then extrapolate to those who died by
suicide, and I illustrated this technique with demographic variables (e.g.,
sex) and hopelessness scores. It is rare that this procedure is used. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Grants are awarded and academics are
tenured and promoted on the basis of their research on living suicidal and
non-suicidal individuals, but suicide remains a puzzle, difficult to predict
and difficult to understand. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gunn, J. F., Lester, D.,
Haines, J., & Williams, C. L. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived
burdensomeness in suicide notes. <i>Crisis, 33,</i> 178-181.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Joiner, T. E. (2005). <i>Why people die by suicide</i>.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D., Beck, A. T. & Mitchell, B. (1979). Extrapolation
from attempted suicides to completed suicides: a test. <i>Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 88,</i> 78-80<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D., Beck, A. T. & Trexler, L. (1975). Extrapolation
from attempted suicides to completed suicides. <i>Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 84, </i>563-566.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #201f1e; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D., & Gunn,
J. F. (2021). Is perceived burdensomeness present in the lives of famous
suicides? <i>Death Studies,</i> in press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #201f1e; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lockman, J. D., & Servaty-Seib,
H. (2016). College student suicidal ideation. <i>Death Studies, 40,</i>
154-164.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Neuringer, C. (1962). Methodological problems in
suicide research. <i>Journal of Consulting Psychology, 26,</i> 273-278<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Teismann, T., Forkmann, T., Rath, D., Glaesmer, H.,
& Margraf, J. (2016). <a name="citation"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Perceived
<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">burdensomeness</span></strong> and <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">suicide</span></strong> ideation in adult <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">outpatients</span></strong> receiving exposure
therapy for anxiety disorders. <i>Behaviour Research & Therapy, 85, </i>1-5.</span><o:p></o:p></a></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: citation;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-7740032706712347542020-11-07T16:07:00.001-05:002020-11-07T16:07:08.085-05:00David's rat research<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">David’s Rat Research<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">David Lester</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When I refer to my graduate student
days, I usually mention that I ran rats as a hobby. (My dissertation research
was on suicidal behavior.) The psychology department bought me my first few batches
of rats and paid for the shavings and food. Thereafter, I bred them myself. One
year, we lived in an apartment with no one else in the building, and so I
brought the rats home and kept them in a spare bedroom. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">My major interest was their exploratory
behavior, and I tested a theory that mild levels of anxiety increased their
exploratory behavior, while stronger levels of anxiety inhibited their
exploratory behavior. Indeed, I got a small NIMH grant for young researchers to
pursue the research, and I published some two dozen papers on the topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (1967). Exploratory
behavior of dominant and submissive rats. <i>Psychonomic Science, 9,</i>
285-286.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (1968). Effects of
habituation to fear on the exploratory behavior of rats. <i>Nature, 220,</i>
932.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I never really liked Skinner’s theory
of learning. Of course, the theory explains simple behaviors but, as I used to
tell my students, it didn’t even fully explain the interesting behavior in
rats! In fact, talking with Abraham Maslow (I was his teaching assistant) led
me to my research on whether there were self-actualized rats, that is, rats who
were good at everything – better explorers, better learners, etc.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I remember in particular two of my
rats. I was teaching them to turn left in a T-shaped maze for a food reward
with four trials each day. They all learned this task. But one rat, on the
first trial each day, would turn right but keep his back paws outside of the
turn (so that I could not drop a guillotine door behind him because he did not
meet my criterion of all four paws in the corridor). He would sniff the air,
decide that there was no food there, back up carefully and then enter the left
corridor. On the next three trials that day, he turned left, left and left. He
did that every day. He was checking whether that I had switched the food on
him.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The other rat used speed. On the first
trial of the day, he would zip into the right corridor and zip out, evading the
descending door. Then he would go left for the rest of the day. I never was
quick enough to catch him in the right-hand corridor.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They never were rewarded for this
behavior, but they persisted in checking on me. In later research, I found and
reported in a published article that the quickest learners were also the best
explorers. I meant to go on and see if they excelled at other tasks, but a job
offer from Gene Brockopp to work at the suicide prevention center in Buffalo ended
my rat research.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are other interesting aspects to
the research. The maze I used was about three feet up from the floor and,
occasionally, rats would back up in fear and fall off the equipment. I
discarded their data because this might have changed their anxiety level which
I was manipulating. I always reported in my published reports that x rats fell
off the equipment, and their data were discarded. I never found any other researcher
on exploratory behavior in rats reporting that their rats fell of the
equipment. I’m sure that their rats fell too, but the researchers never bothered
to report this.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I also replicated a study by another
research on exploratory behavior in blinded rats. (They were white rats.) Blinding
my rats was so traumatic for me that I decided to never do any physiological research
on rats again. None of my fellow graduate students went to see my blinded rats,
and I concluded that, rather than enucleation being symbolic of castration (a
Freudian hypothesis), castration was symbolic of enucleation and, therefore,
more anxiety arousing! By the way, the research showed that blinding had no
impact on the rats’ exploratory behavior – because they do not use vision but
rather their whiskers and sense of smell.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .7in; text-indent: -.7in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lester, D. (1967). Exploratory
behavior in peripherally blinded rats. <i>Psychonomic Science, 8,</i> 7-8.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-11424962117306862602020-10-29T14:49:00.001-04:002020-10-30T08:29:37.240-04:00David as a Survivor<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">David as a Survivor</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">David Lester</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have worked with two survivors for scholarly papers,
Donna Barnes and Denise Pazur, and I should like to thank them sincerely for
working with me.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have had a colleague at the university died by suicide,
but he and I were not close. Then, one day, out of the blue, an e-mail arrived
from a woman who had read my book <i>Fixin’ to Die</i>. She was a chronic
suicide attempter and was planning to die by suicide. She thought I’d
understand. I e-mailed back, but I was cautious. Perhaps this was a prank, and
the writer was not whom she seemed to be. Eventually, however, I knew that she
was authentic. She lived near Canterbury, England, and was a 22-year-old woman.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I decided that I would try to “save her.” I purchased Tom
Ellis’s book <i>Choosing to Live</i> and sent it to her. (That is how I learned
her address.) I also sent her articles on irrational thinking, and she
responded that she did not think irrationally! One day, after a few months, her
e-mails stopped. Two weeks later, I received an e-mail asking whether I was
angry. She had attempted suicide again. (Of course, I was not angry, I assured
her.) We exchanged many more e-mails, some humorous. And then they stopped for
good.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was visiting England a few months later, and I stopped by
the town where she lived. I had trouble finding her address initially, went to
the local police station, and asked if they knew of her suicide. They had not.
When I finally located her apartment, I write a note and dropped it through the
mail slot.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A few weeks later, I got an e-mail from her sister who
asked who I was. I explained, and I gave her enough details about her sister to
convince her that we had e-mailed a great deal and grown close. Her sister then
told me that she had attempted suicide again. The local health agency was
checking on her every day, and so they saved her and placed her in a psychiatric
hospital. The hospital took her off suicide watch after a week, whereupon she hung
herself in the ward. That hurt. She was afraid of hanging herself, but she knew
that she would have to, she told me, because they kept saving her after overdoses.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I wrote to Tom feeling incompetent, and he replied with
reassurance. My trying to save her was like trying to save an alcoholic with a
birthday card, he said.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Why am I writing this? Because I have never analyzed her or
written a scholarly article about her. I had kept all of the e-mails and
information I had about her, and I destroyed them. It was too personal for me to
be analytical about her.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I’m old now. I had forgotten her name. I found three photographs
that she had sent me and that I had kept, and they had her name: Vicki.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is why I am immensely grateful to Denise and Donna for
letting me work with them. I know how hard that must have been.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">References</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 120%;">Barnes, D.
H., Lawal-Solarin, F. W., & Lester, D. Letters from a suicide. <i>Death Studies,</i>
2007, 31, 671-678.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 120%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Barnes, D. H., Pazur, D., & Lester, D. Parents’
views of their child’s death by suicide. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Illness,
Crisis & Loss, </i>2014, 22, 181-193.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 120%;">Ellis, T.
E., & Newman, C. <i>Choosing to live</i>. <span style="background: white; color: black;">Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1996.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 120%;">Lester, D. <i>Fixin’
to die</i>: a compassionate guide ot committing suicide or staying alive.
Amityville, NY: Baywood, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 120%;">Lester, D.,
& Barnes, D. H. Survivors and researchers collaborate. <i>Surviving Suicide,</i>
2007, 19(2), 10-11.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-90619753533952491902020-10-23T09:03:00.003-04:002020-10-23T09:03:54.894-04:00Serendipity<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">SERENDIPITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">David Lester<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>How did we get where we are? There is
nature (our genes) and nurture (our experiences), of course. But there is also
serendipity, completely unpredictable events that have a major impact on one’s
life. What serendipitous events helped me to be where I am?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Romance, for one. Meeting a
17-year-old girl at summer school in France in 1963 and falling in love with
her was a huge event by itself, but also a serendipitous event. We never
married, but her parents sponsored me as an immigrant to the USA so that I came
on a green card. I would have remained in England had it not been for meeting
Mary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>And Bijou, of course. I never went to
division meetings at the college, but I was bored in September 1985, and so I
went. I needed an economist to write a chapter in a book on the death penalty,
and there she was, an econometrician from the University of Pennsylvania. Bijou
changed my life personally and professionally. I had almost given up suicide
research, and I never went to professional meetings. All that changed
drastically. For example, I published 31 articles in 1985 before I met Bijou,
71 in 1987 and 97 in 1988. I went to my first annual meeting of the American
Association of Suicidology in 1987 wearing my newly purchased suit, and I was
President of the International Association for Suicide from 1991 to 1995. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The psychology department at Cambridge
University focused on experimental psychology. One day, sitting in the
department library I saw a book <i>Clues to Suicide</i> by Ed Sheidman and Norm
Farberow. It shouldn’t have been there. The department was not interested in
those kinds of topics. I took it and looked at the 33 pairs of suicide notes at
the back, each consisting of one genuine note and one simulated note. It seemed
to me that I could correctly choose the genuine one easily, although I never
formally checked that. Years later, when I was asked to choose a topic for my
dissertation, I said SUICIDE because of that book. (Sidebar: Ed and I never got
along!)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In England, one applies to one
university and only one. I choose Cambridge University. (That gave me the
choice of five colleges there to rank order in preference, and I made St. John’s
College my first choice of the five.) When I emigrated to the USA, I applied to
one university – the University of California at Berkeley. That was it. One
day, the bulletin board in the psychology department had an advertisement from
Brandeis University offering scholarships for foreign students. Why not apply
there too? I did. My supervisor of studies (Alan Welford) and I had never heard
of Brandeis University. I didn’t know it was primarily a Jewish university. I looked
up the faculty. We had never heard of Abraham Maslow or the other professors
there. Brandeis offered me a generous fellowship (a Charles Revson Fellowship –
of Revlon cosmetics fame), and Berkeley said that, maybe, there would be
financial support. I chose to go to Brandeis. The psychology department at
Brandeis let me choose my dissertation topic (suicide) and, in addition, allowed
me to run rat research for fun (and paid for the rats and supplies) and to publish
scholarly works as a graduate student. I met Maslow, became his TA, and had him
on my dissertation committee. Hence my only NIMH grant (for rat research) and
my multiple self theory of personality (a theory of the mind).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are other events about which
I’ve questioned their serendipity, but one expects to catch the flu
occasionally. One expects to run into interesting researchers at conferences
and later collaborate with them. One doesn’t expect to go to summer school in
France and end up in the USA. That is serendipity!<o:p></o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-18197167516699907162020-09-29T16:18:00.008-04:002020-09-29T16:18:48.091-04:00My Debt to Hans Eysenck <p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">My Debt to Hans Eysenck</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">David Lester</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It used to be, and probably still is,
that a mention of Hans Eysenck, at least in the United States, would cause
other psychologists to roll their eyes. He wasn’t liked, and often not
respected as a psychologist. Yes, he was testy and always replied to articles
that were critical of his research. He took unpopular positions, such as the
genetic basis for personality traits, including intelligence. (My senior thesis
advisor, Alice Heim, used to argue that intelligence is best viewed as a
personality trait, not as some indispensable ability that enables one to
survive in this world.) And, of course people like to gloat over cases where
his collaborators might have invented their data (Pelosi, 2019). But I owe Hand
Eysenck a debt, maybe two debts.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is unusual to change majors in
England. We specialize at the age of 16, and I chose physics, chemistry and
mathematics. That is all one studies for the next two or three years. (It’s
three years if you want to go to <i>Oxbridge</i>.) Part 1 of my BA degree is in
physics and mathematics for I had dropped chemistry at university. After a year
and a half, I had a crisis. Was I good enough to be a physicist? One cannot
change majors to anything that is taught in high school, for one would be 4½ years
behind. That left the social sciences. I choose psychology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I went to the library and got a book
on psychology, about which I knew nothing. It sounded interesting. The book was
dated about 1920. My Director of Studies (Alan Welford) wrote back immediately telling
me not to read it! He suggested books by Eysenck. <i>Uses and Abuses of Psychology,
Sense and Nonsense in Psychology</i>, and <i>Fact and Fiction in Psychology</i>.
Eventually I read them all, and they convinced me that I had not made a drastic
mistake in changing majors, and they helped me withstand the first few lectures
on physiological psychology (by Lawrence Weiskrantz). I didn’t learn how to spell
<i>emigdala</i> (amygdala) for another year.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Eysenck’s books are interesting,
scientific, and relevant. He hated psychoanalysis, which I have come to
appreciate (and believe in), and I do use some of his examples to ridicule
psychoanalysis in my lectures when I am covering other perspectives. In my
research and theorizing, I have used Eysenck’s theories and his personality
inventory. They have great value. My advice to those who roll their eyes when Eysenck’s
name in mentioned, is make more of an effort to be as successful and important
a psychologist as he was.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>My second debt was to Eysenck is in
his role as editor of <i>Personality & Individual Differences</i>, his
journal. Over the years, he accepted many of my papers and encouraged my
research. Yes, of course, he was eager for citations, and it was important to
cite his papers in one’s articles. In this, however, he was way ahead of his
time, for now citations are critical for academic success in the better universities.
Recently, it has been suggested that Google Scholar citations, one’s h-index and
one’s i10-index should be part of any application for an academic position,
tenure or promotion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I intended to visit him in London and
make his personal acquaintance, but he died (in 1997) before I made good on my
intention. I always showed an interview with him in my course on theories of
personality, and that is as close as I got to Hans Eysenck. But I remain in his
debt.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Pelosi, A. J. (2019). Personality and fatal diseases. <i>Journal
of Health Psychology, 24, </i>421-439.<o:p></o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-22742675054085034572020-09-26T15:22:00.007-04:002020-09-26T15:22:40.713-04:00Suicides at Guantanamo Bay<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Suicides at Guantanamo Bay<a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/Guantanamo%20Bay.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">David Lester</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The detention center for suspected
terrorists at Guantanamo Bay has handled 771 individuals for varying amount of
time, of whom 629 arrived in 2002 and 40 remain as of September 2020. There
have been 9 deaths of prisoners recorded at the detention center, of which 7
have been labelled as suicides. There have however, been questions raised as to
whether these deaths were really suicides rather than homicides or deaths
resulting from torture at the hands of the staff (Horton, 2010). Some military
officials labelled these suicides as acts of war by jihadists seeking martyrdom
(Savage, 2011).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Three of these suicides occurred in
2006 (apparently in a suicide pact using hanging), one in 2007, one in 2009,
one in 2011, and one in 2012. To calculate a suicide rate, the years 2002 to
2019 were included, and the average population in June and July used. The
average population per year for the 18-year period was 266.8, with an average
of 0.39 suicides per year, giving a suicide rate of 8.10 per 100,000 per year.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There were many attempted suicides at
the prison, mostly by overdosing on medication, but also by hanging and cutting,
with more than 120 reported by the end of 2004, as well as many more acts of
self-harm.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/Guantanamo%20Bay.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
One prisoner was reported as having made 12 serious suicide attempts. There
were also hunger strikes by prisoners to protest their treatment (Savage,
2011).</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">References</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">Horton,
S. (2010). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/01/hbc-90006368"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;">"The Guantánamo
"Suicides": A Camp Delta sergeant blows the whistle"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;">. <i>Harper's Magazine</i>. </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpers.org%2Farchive%2F2010%2F01%2Fhbc-90006368&date=2010-01-18"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;">Archived</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt;"> from the original on January 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span><span class="reference-accessdate"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span class="reference-accessdate"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Savage, C. (2011). As acts of war or
despair, suicides rattle a prison. <i>New York Times</i>, April 24, online.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/Guantanamo%20Bay.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These data come from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/Guantanamo%20Bay.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp_suicide_attempts</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-83238577129912768842020-08-18T10:26:00.001-04:002020-08-18T10:26:19.275-04:00Suicide by pilots of commercial aircraft: The missing Malaysian Airlines flight MH370<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">SUICIDE BY PILOTS OF
COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT: THE MISSING MALAYSIAN AIRLINES FLIGHT MH370<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David Lester<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I noted in 2002 (Lester, 2002) that
occasionally pilots of commercial aircraft die by suicide while piloting their
plane full of passengers.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/suicicde%20by%20pilots.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The example I gave was of Gameel-al-Batouti, the co-pilot of EgyptAir flight
900 which crashed into the Atlantic Ocean on October 31, 1999, an act which
seemed to be suicidal Langewiesche (2001). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>More recently, Langewiesche (2019)
has given more examples of possible suicides by pilots: (1) in 1997, the pilot
of a SilkAir plane (an Indonesian airline) is believed to have disabled the
black boxes of his Boeing 737 and crashed the plane into a river, (2) the pilot
of a LAM Mozambique Airlines flight 470 flew his Embraer E190 into the ground
killing all 27 passengers, and (3) Andreas Lubitz, the co-pilot, crashed his
Germanwings Airbus into the French Alps, having locked the pilot out of the
cockpit when the pilot went to the bathroom. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In his new article, Langewiesche
argues that the most likely scenario for the missing Malaysian Airlines flight
370, which disappeared over the Indian Ocean March 8, 2014, was that the pilot
deliberately choose to die by suicide, taking all the passengers and crew (who
were most likely already dead inside the plane) with him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Langewiesche saw the co-pilot as an
unlikely instigator or collaborator. He was young, an optimist and planning to
get married. He had no history which would suggest suicidal inclinations. In
contrast, the co-pilot of the Germanwings plane that crashed flew for budget
airlines with low pay and showed signs in the past of psychological problems. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In contrast, the pilot of MH370, Amad
Shah Zaharie, although described by his family and the authorities as a happy
family man and excellent pilot, was described by friends as often sad and
lonely. His wife had moved out to their second home, and Zaharie spent the time
between flights pacing empty rooms. He had a wistful relationship with a
married woman who had three children, he was interested in two Internet models
whom he met on social media, and he had a history of liaisons with the flight
attendants. Some who knew him thought he was clinically depressed. Prior to the
disappearance of MH370, Zaharie had experimented in a simulator with the flight
path that MH370 most likely followed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In none of these cases was a
reputable and thorough psychological autopsy carried by a qualified
suicidologist, and so the conclusion that these pilots and co-pilots chose to
die by suicide, killing their passengers as collateral damage, must remain a
hypothesis. However, suicide remains the most likely cause of the crashes given
current information.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Langewiesche, W. (2001). The crash of EgyptAir 900. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlantic Monthly, 288</i>(4), 68-92.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Langewiesche, W. (2019). “Goodnight Malaysian
three-seven-zero.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlantic Monthly, 324</i>(1),
78-94.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Lester, D. (2002). Suicide and aircraft. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crisis, 23,</i> 2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Bijou%20Lester/Desktop/suicicde%20by%20pilots.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I also noted cases of
passengers dying by suicide by causing the plane to crash and a pilot who died
by suicide after he had crashed his plane. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-75561325588145533712020-08-12T13:12:00.002-04:002020-08-12T13:12:34.196-04:00The suicide of a gypsy<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The suicide of a gypsy<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I have always been interested in suicidal
behavior in the oppressed. I have written about suicide in the German
concentration camps of World War Two, suicide in prisoners, and other oppressed
groups. I was also fortunate to be asked to contribute a chapter on suicide in
the Roma people and Irish Travellers:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lester, D. Suicide among the Roma people and Irish Travelers. In D. van
Bergen, A. H. Montesinos & M. Schouler-Ocak (Eds.) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Suicidal behavior of immigrants and ethnic minorities in Europe</i>.
Boston, MA: Hogrefe, 2015, pp. 101-111.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">At the IASP
conference in Brussels in 1989, I saw a poster on suicide in Hungarian gypsies
by Tamas Zonda, and I persuaded Tamas to let me help him publish his study.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Zonda, T., & Lester, D. Suicide among Hungarian
gypsies. <i>Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica</i>, 1990, 82, 381-382.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This week, <i>The Economist</i> reported
that a successful member of the Roma people had died by suicide at the age of
46. László Bogdán (he preferred the label <i>Cigány</i> rather than Roma) was
the mayor of Cserdi, a town of 350 in southern Hungary. He was elected mayor in
2006 and had transformed the village. The town had dilapidated houses,
joblessness, rubble strewn everywhere, and 300 cases of petty crime each year. Under
László, the houses became restored and neat, with bathrooms added, and people
worked in the fields and in plastic greenhouses producing quality vegetables.
Officials from other towns came to learn from the Roma people working in the <i>Cserdi
miracle</i>. László (Laci) ran the town like a father, watching over everyone and
trying to motivate the young people to go to university. Roma from outside the
village sometimes criticized him, for some preferred to remain victims. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According to <i>The Economist</i>,
there were no clues that he might die by suicide but, then, the villagers and <i>The
Economist</i>’s reporter are not trained to notice the clues which I’m sure
were there. It is hard for a Roma to move into the mainstream where he or she
might have influence on, or even in, the government. It is a tragedy to lose László.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22565374.post-87476809887662335552020-08-11T16:16:00.002-04:002020-08-11T16:16:22.512-04:00A day at the office (before I retired in 2015)<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A DAY AT THE OFFICE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although I was awake at 5 a.m., I
fell asleep again and was woken by the alarm clock at 5.45 a.m., but I usually
wake up before it rings, and turn it off. As is common, I woke up with a
headache. I took my shower, dressed, and left the house at 6 a.m.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The drive to the college is 40 miles
and takes about an hour in the morning when there’s no traffic, a straight road
most of the way down Route 30 (which goes from Astoria, Oregon, to Atlantic
City, via Philadelphia). Almost all my life in New Jersey (since 1975) has been
spent driving up and down Route 30. One day, I must drive it all the way to
Oregon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are four McDonalds on the way
to the college, but I like the one nearest the college in Egg Harbor. I arrived
thereat 6.50 a.m. This morning I had a two-for-one coupon (My Dean keeps me fed
with McDonalds’ coupons), and I had the bacon, egg and cheese bagel, with a
senior coffee for $3.68. I like to read there, and I read a cute story about a
high school female athlete in Texas, staying there longer than usual. I got my
free refill of coffee and arrived at the college at 7.30 a.m.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The one-mile drive into the college
is through pine woods. Usually I see deer there, but there were none today. The
sun was a pale silver disc hidden behind low clouds racing by. That last mile
is a pleasure each time I come to the college.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After getting to my office, I opened
the SOBL (Social & Behavioral Sciences) office and had the place to myself.
Except, catastrophe, the Xerox machine was broken and unfixable. I did my
printing (a revision of an article on the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire which
has been accepted by <i>Omega</i> and the cover letter, a chapter for a
festschrift for Ronald Clarke, a former colleague, a draft of a chapter on workplace
violence, the first of a series of letters written by a suicide, and a handout
for my statistics class). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At 8, I panicked because I seemed to
have lost a copyright form. (I eventually found it in the envelope for <i>Omega</i>,
where it was supposed to be.) And then one of my advisees stopped by to check
whether she had registered for the correct courses. I teased her that I am not
supposed to be disturbed before class, but I sat with and checked her courses.
I checked my e-mails and printed the important ones (so much for the paperless
office) and went off to my 8.30 am class on Statistical Methods. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">At the end of the class, I gave them a quiz on
permutations and combinations and, while they did it, I typed in scores from a
questionnaire on religiosity that my students had filled out earlier in the
semester. (They are using the data for their SPSS projects.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I was back in my office at 10.15
a.m. I typed in some data for a study on state measures of irrationality for a
study I’m doing with Bijou, printed some journal articles from online
(including a psychological autopsy study of suicides in Bali). Then I went to
the library to get an interlibrary loan book (for a study one of my students is
planning on Internet addiction) and a book in our library someone had
recommended as relevant to my multiple-self theory of personality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At 10.45, I wrote an e-mail to Tamas
Zonda in Hungary about a study he wants me to help write up and publish on
panic disorder and suicide, downloaded some data from Ben Park (at Penn State
University) on “reasons for living” that he had collected in South Korea, and
at 11 a.m. broke for lunch (my second bacon, egg and cheese bagel). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At 11.20, I ran some analyses on
incidents of mass murder that I need for my chapter on workplace violence (do
the murderers who commit suicide kill more victims than those who are
arrested?), got my “in press” files to take home to organize, and then
collapsed. I have an old leather chair in my office that a colleague threw out,
and I rested there for half an hour. (I used to have a bed in my office but,
foolishly, I threw it out a few years ago so that I could have more filing
cabinets!)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Xerox machine was still not
fixed (it was “down” for the rest of the day), and so I did not have much to do.
I attended to e-mails and sneaked some important Xeroxing on other machines. At
12.25, I went off to my 12.30 class on Abnormal Psychology. I was showing a
video on manic-depression and I scored helplessness/hopelessness questionnaires
from students while the video played. Two students would not stop talking. I
hushed them and then threw a blackboard eraser in their general direction –
about three feet from them. The other students laughed, but one of the talkers
claimed to be upset by this! My next class is at 2.30 p.m. (the classes are
each 1 hour and 50 minutes long) on Personality and, as soon as that class
ended, I felt exhausted again and left for home (at 4.15). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It takes longer to get home (with
the traffic), and I arrived at 5.45, fixed myself a margarita and, because
Bijou teaches on Thursday nights, heated a Lean Cuisine frozen dinner. I called
my son (who had called Bijou earlier in the day) and called Alan to tell him
that the movie (Amelia) we want to see has not opened yet. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Most evenings I work a little, but tonight I was
tired. I had the Ole Miss-South Carolina college football game on the
television, I checked and wrote e-mails, I played card games on the PC, and I
worked a little – organized the “in press” files and typed up a handout for my
statistics class, all at the same time – nothing intense.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bijou arrived home at 10 p.m.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
semester, I teach only two days (Tuesdays and Thursdays) and, as I get older, I
find it tiring to teach three 2-hour classes each day as well as getting my
printing, xeroxing and data analyses done. But I do like the four-day weekend.
On alternate semesters, I teach Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, with shorter
classes and longer breaks between classes, but those days are longer. On
Mondays and Wednesdays, I start teaching at 8.30 a.m. and finish at 5.20 p.m.,
although on Fridays, I am finished teaching at 11.10 a.m. And I have a “normal”
weekend. It’s a toss up which schedule I prefer, so alternating semesters is
probably the best choice.<o:p></o:p></p>David Lesterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10935303848211844082noreply@blogger.com0